Part One: The First Two Years

From infancy to toddler hood includes: Physical and brain changes Development of reflexes Motor skills Sensations Perceptions Learning skills Health issues

Piaget's sensormotor stage:

Infants and toddlers learn by doing: looking, hearing, touching, grasping, and sucking. Object permanence (memory) Knowledge that out-of-sight objects still exist. Language Receptive language is the ability understand language before actually speaking it. Expressive vocabulary using their own words to effectively convey meaning, feeling, or mood.

Emotional Intelligence
Ability to motivate oneself. Attachment Behavior Affect ional bond one individual forms for another. Affiliative Behavior

Interpersonal Intelligence
Ability to understand other people.

Encourages infants to enter into relationships with other members of the human species. Exploratory Behavior Permits babies to explore their environment knowing they are safe in company of trusted adults.

Motor development

Reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking.

Manual Skills Start from the center of the body toward the periphery. Sensory development Vision, hearing, smells, tastes, and feels. Reception of information beings with the sensory organs and interpretation through perception is associated with this Stage of development.

SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Drug addicted babies (Crack Babies)

FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Genetic Disorders

Part 2: Early Childhood

Ages 2 to 6

Children 2 to 6 years old are mostly slim, although height & weight variations are noted based on genetic & environmental factors. Motor Skills
Healthy children are constantly active; jumping, or hopping at any possibility.

Fine Motor Skills

Constantly testing their levels, they prefer complicated tasks.

Piagets Theory of Properational Period

Children increase the use of language and symbols, while interpreting behavior mostly limited to Egocentrism.

Theory of Mind
Awareness & understanding of others, how they think & will act.

Language & Memory

Language and memory skills continue to improve during early childhood.

Self Esteem Emotional development is an essential Component of a childs sense of selfawareness. Self- Awareness Prepares them to be self-confident, trusting, empathic, intellectually inquisitive, competent, capable of understanding,& adjusting well to others (Is My Child on Track?, 2007). Gender Identification Recognition of gender roles is a major developmental task during this stage.

Facial expressions, body language, & gestures reflect a greater ability & awareness of cultural values & standards.
Demonstrations of understanding emotional information & reactions. Affectionate bonds can be observed between family members & caregivers.

Aggression
Behavior that is socially defined as injurious or destructive. Prevention and early intervention are the best hopes of diverting children from this path. Media influences foster aggressive behavior in a number of ways by reinforcing this behavior.

Growth, Body Changes & Motor Development Children grow more slowly & become more skilled in controlling their bodies. Brain Development
Brains appear to be organized differently then adults & conditions such as dyslexic, disabilities, and gifted abilities are apparent.

Health & Fitness Issues

This is the stage where children are healthiest.

Piagets Period of Concrete Operations

Integration of the powerful, abstract, internal schemas such as identity, reversibility, classification, & serial ordering.

Language
Children continue to acquire phonological distinctions, vocabulary, semantics, syntax, formal discourse patterns, and complex aspects of pragmatics in their first language.

Self- Regulated Behaviors

Child learn to regulate their emotions, to get along with classmates, friends, teammates, & relatives.

Understand Emotions & Coping with Anger, Fear, Stress, & Trauma
Across gender, ethnicity, & social economic status, children have more fears of death or social violence.

Stress & Anxiety

Learning coping strategies are the childs sense of mastery & control.

Motivation influences the rate of learning, retention of information, & performance.

Child show a steady & progressive interest of cross-gender as they advance toward puberty.
Children can now notice racial identification as well.

Risks include: accidents, contagious illness, obesity, eating disorders, and sedentary lifestyles. Stereotyping due to physical appearance which can lead to problems with self-acceptance. Bullying or aggressive behavior which involves an imbalance of power or strength towards another person. Prejudice, system of negative feelings or actions towards a member of a particular religious, racial, or ethnic group.

Part Four: Adolescence

Ages 13 to 18

Puberty:
Period in life cycle when sexual and reproductive maturation becomes evident.

Biological Changes:
Hormones manufacture estrogen in females and testosterone In males. Physical changes also become visually apparent for both genders. Neurological changes and overall brain size remain about the same, however white matter changes improved of neurological transmission allow improved reasoning planning, and impulse control.

Piagets Period of Formal Operations:

The final and highest stage in the development of Cognitive functioning from infancy to adulthood. The ability to deal efficiently with complex problems involved in reasoning. Ability to imagine many outcomes to a solution.

Moral Development:
At this stage individuals are likely to be concerned with moral values and principles. They undergo major changes organizing their thinking about government, and society.

Family and Peers:

Relative influence of the two groups vary Depending on the issues. Teens benefit from parent relationships & seek advice on issues of finance, education, and careers. Teens seek advice from peers on clothing, hairstyle, dating, and music. Peer pressure plays a predominant role. Teens desire open communication with parents.

Courtship, Love, and Sexuality:

Difficult adjustments include transition to adulthood revolving around sexuality, sexual orientation, and sexual expression.

Preparing for the work world:

Transition from childhood to adulthood is preparation for finding & keeping a job in adult years.

Balancing work and school:

Good working conditions boost moral and motivation, bad working conditions hurt moral, lower self-esteem, and or be a factor in drop outs from school.

Family Relationships:
Helpful and social learned behaviors can be transmitted from family upbringing to transcend into their adulthood.

Alcohol and other substance abuse

Juvenile delinquency
HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases Teenage pregnancy

Body art and tattooing

Eating disorders Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Suicide

Beta Education.Com. (2007). Is My Child on Track? Retrieved on 11/11/07, from http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Social_Emotional/ Chandell, T. (8th Ed). (2007). Human Development. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill CliffsNotes.com. Cognitive Development: Age 26. 14 Nov 2007 Retrieved on 11/10/07, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/Cliffs ReviewTopic/topicArticleId-26831,articleId-26773.html

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