CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERS

What is soap?
A SOAP is the sodium or Potassium salt formed when a Fatty acid that contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule is neutralized by an alkali

What is general formula for soap?

The general formula of soap is RCOO Na + or R COO K + where R is an alkyl group containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

iii)State two examples of soap

Sodium palmitate Potassium stearate

What is saponification?
SAPONIFICATION is a process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution

Explain the preparation of soap as shown in the diagram

 Oil or fat is boiled with concentrated sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and soap

What is detergent?
DETERGENT is the salt formed when an alkyl hydrogen sulphate is neutralized by an alkali

The general formula of detergents are

where R represent a Long-chain hydrocarbon

State two examples of detergent

Sodium alkyl sulphate Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate

How is detergent prepared?

 A long chain hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum fractions is converted into organic acid. The organic acid is neutralise with NaOH to form detergent.

QUESTION 3

Describe the cleansing action of soap or detergent. a) State 3 abilities of both soap and detergent that enable them to act as cleansing agents

i. Ability to lower the surface tension of water

ii. To emulsify oil or grease, and break them into smaller droplets iii. To hold them in suspension in water, so that they do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth

STRUCTURE OF SOAP PARTICLE

the organic part the hydrophobic part the tail part

the ionic part

the hydrophilic part the head part

 Which part is soluble in water? Defend your answer B part because it is ionic part

 Which part is soluble in grease? Defend your answer

A part because it is covalent part

Redraw the structure above so that it may look like a tadpole

STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT PARTICLE

STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT PARTICLE

the organic part

the ionic part the hydrophilic part the head part

the hydrophobic part the tail part

 Which part is soluble in water? Defend your answer B part because it is ionic part

 Which part is soluble in grease? Defend your answer

A part because it is covalent part

Redraw the structure above so that it may look like a tadpole

HOW SOAP /DETERGENT REMOVES DIRT

Describe the cleansing action of soap and detergent Soap dissolves in water and lowers Surface tension of water. This helps to wet the cloth better

The hydrophobic part ( tail part) dissolves in, the hydrophilic part ( head part) dissolves in water
Grease(dirt)

Movement of water c) during scrubbing helps to loosen the grease and lift off the surface . , and also break the grease into Small droplet ..

d)The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because repulsion . between the negative charges on the surface. These droplets are suspended in water, forming emulsion .or smaller droplets.

Rinsing .

washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean

d)Compare and contrast the cleansing action of soap and detergents

Propert Soap Detergent y 1 sources Made from Made animal from petroleum or plant fractions

Proper Soap ty 2 Molecu R COO lar Na + structur Where R is e Alkyl group

Detergent
R SO4 or

Property

3 Effective

ness in hard water

Does not form SCUM scum with with hard hard water water

Soap Forms

Detergent

Property 4 Effectiv eness in acidic water

Soap Forms INSOLUBLE FATTY ACID . with acidic water

Detergent

Does not form precipit ate with acidic water

Property Cleaning power

Detergent Soap Less MORE powerful powerful

Property

Soap

Detergent

6 Effect Biodegrad Some to the able and detergents environ do not are non ment cause any biodegrada ble and POLLUTION kill aquatic lives

What does hard water contains?

Hard water contains 2+ or calcium ion, Ca 2+. magnesium ion, Mg

Why do soaps form scum with hard water?

Soap reacts with calcium ion, Ca2+ or magnesium ion, 2+ in hard water to form Mg insoluble salt, called scum

Why is soap not effective in hard water?

Because formation of scum reduce the amount of soap for cleaning and thus wastage of soap occur.

Why is detergent more effective than soap in hard water?

Detergent form soluble salt with calcium ion, Ca2+ or 2+ in hard magnesium ion, Mg water. Therefore the cleaning power is not affected by hard water.

Below are some additives in detergents. Fill in missing words Additives 1 Drying agents ( such as sodium sulphate, sodium silicate) Functions to keep the powder DRY .

Additives
2

Function s

Builders ( such soften as Sodium triphosphate) water.

Additives

Functions

3 Biological enzymes( such as amylase, lipase)

to digest
PROTEIN, FAT OR CARBOHYDRATE in dirt or to modify fabric feel

Additives Functions

Such as sodium perborate

Convert stains into

colourless

substances

Additives Functions

5 Perfumes Make clothes smell . And clean

fresh

Additives 6. Stabilizers ( such as silicones)

Functions Prevent formation of

foam

FOOD..

FOOD ADDITIVES

TYPES OF FOOD ADDITIVES AND FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
1) IMPROVED COLOUR OF FOOD TO MAKE IT MORE ATTRACTIVE 2) SLOW DOWN SPOILING OF FOOD CAUSED BY GROWTH FUNGI OR MICROORGANISMS

TYPE
DYES PRESER VATIVES

FUNCTION

TYPE

3) ENHANCE THE NATURAL FLAVOUR FLAVOURING OF FOOD AGENTS 4) PREVENT OXIDATION OF FATS ANTI OXIDANTS AND OILS SO THAT FOOD DO NOT BECOME RANCID

FUNCTION
5) IMPROVE APPEARANCE OF FOOD AND GIVE FOOD A FIRM TEXTURE

TYPE

STABILIZERS AND THICKENING

TYPES OF FOOD ADDITIVES AND EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES 1) AZO COMPOUNDS 2) SODIUM NITRITE, SODIUM BENZOATE

TYPE
DYES

PRESER VATIVES

EXAMPLES

TYPE

3) MONO SODIUM FLAVOURING GLUTAMATE (MSG) AGENTS

4) ASCORBIC ACID ANTI OXIDANTS (VITAMIN C) 5) ACACIA GUM STABILIZERS & THICKENING AGENTS

TRADITIONAL MEDICINES

Traditional Uses medicine

Aloe vera Relieve pain from burns / treat skin wounds Betel Relieve sore eyes / leaves stop bleeding nose (sireh)

Traditional Uses medicine

Turmeric Cure pimples (kunyit) Ginger Improve blood circulation

Traditional medicine

Uses

Bitter gourd (peria)

Control diabetes

Traditional medicine

Uses

Papaya The skin of the papaya is a first class external treatment for skin wounds. Papaya contains arginine which is known to be essential for male fertility and also; Papain, an enzyme thought to be good for the heart

TRADITIONAL USES MEDICINES

Dragon fruit Fight cancer

Lemon To add brightness to your hair, use a lemon rinse For a sore throat, mix some lemon juice and honey with boiled water; either gargle or drink this folk potion.

Lemon Try to soften rough elbows by rubbing the region with the cut side of lemon. To help whiten and strengthen the fingernails, rub regularly with a lemon peel

Garlic Lower total cholesterol Lower blood pressure Reduce the risk of blood clots (that responsible for most heart attacks and strokes) Destroy infection causing viruses and bacteria Reduce the risk of certain cancers, in particular stomach cancers

TRADITIONAL MEDICINES

USES

Onions

Reduce the total cholesterol level Reduce the risks of diabetes

MODERN MEDICINES
a) What is modern medicine? Medicines that are made by scientists in the laboratory

1. ANALGESICS FUNCTIONS: Relieves pain without affecting consciousness

1. ANALGESICS

EXAMPLES: ASPIRIN for inflammation such as arthritic pain and dental pain. The active ingredient is Acetylsalicylic acid.

1. ANALGESICS The structure is:

COOH O C O CH3

1. ANALGESICS - EXAMPLES CODEINE used in headache tablets and cough medicines

PARACETAMOL relieves moderate pain

2. ANTIBIOTICS
FUNCTIONS: Kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteria

2. ANTIBIOTICS
EXAMPLES: PENICILIN to kill bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia STREPTOMYCIN used to treat whooping cough and pneumonia

3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES FUNCTIONS: Control symptoms of mental illness EXAMPLES: STIMULANTS to reduce fatigue and elevate mood e.g. Amphetamine

3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES ANTIDEPRESSANT to reduce tension and anxiety e.g. Tranquilisers and barbiturates ANTIPSYCHOTIC to treat psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia e.g. clozapine

WHY SHOULD YOU TAKE FULL COURSE OF ANTIBIOTICS?

To ensure all the bacteria are killed the bacteria may become more resistant to the antibiotic. When this happens, the antibiotic is no longer effective. a different and stronger antibiotic to fight the same infection is needed

SIDE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES

TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS MEDICINE NES Analgesics Aspirin Cause internal bleeding Cause brain and liver damage if given to children Paracet Cause liver damage amol if taken for a long time

TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS MEDICINES NES Codein May cause e addiction over a long period of time Antibiotics Headache, allergic reaction and diarrhea

TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS MEDICINE NES S Psychoth High dose may eracause depression, peutic coma, death ,rapid medicine heartbeat and dizziness

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