Internet layer

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Frame creation
Source MAC Destination MAC Source IP Destination IP

Burned on the NIC

- ARP - Proxy ARP

- Static - Dynamic (RARP , BOOTP , DHCP)

DNS

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Source MAC

Burned on the NIC

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Source IP
1- by static configuration

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Source IP

2- dynamic :
- RARP : Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol
Reserves an unknown IP to known MAC. Layer 2 protocol. RARP server cant be outside the LAN.
my MAC is What is my IP ? Your IP is 192.168.10.97
6

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Source IP
Boot P (Booting Protocol): - Layer 7 protocol.

- The ip reply contains ip, mask and gateway.

- May be used in WAN

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Source IP
- DHCP :
- Dynamic host configuration protocol - DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically without the network administrator having to set up an individual profile for each device. - a range of IP addresses on a DHCP server is defined . - the entire network configuration of a computer can be obtained in one message from the server.
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Destination IP

DNS :

Application specified in the TCP/IP suite Means to translate human-readable names into IP addresses
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Destination MAC

- ARP :
- Layer 2 protocol.
-each PC form an ARP table containing the learned MACs

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

10

Destination MAC
- Proxy ARP :
A

B A
B

Router R I take care, to forward IP packets to B Broadcast Message to all: If your IP address matches B then please tell me your Ethernet address

Yes, I know the destination network, let me give you my Ethernet address

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

11

TCP/IP Transport Layer

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 12

Introduction to the Transport Layer

The primary duties of the transport layer, Layer 4 of the OSI model, are to transport and regulate the flow of information from the source to the destination, reliably and accurately. End-to-end control and reliability are provided by sliding windows, sequencing numbers, and acknowledgments.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

13

Transport Layer Functions

Transport Layer is responsible for the following segmentation of data error detection addressing of upper layer application using port numbers Multiplexing to allow multiple applications to be handled on the same connection The previous functions are supported by both the TCP & UDP for reliable data delivery (TCP): Establishment of connection (3-way handshake) Management of connection reliability (sequencing and acknowledgements) error correction flow control (Buffering, congestion avoidance, Ready/not ready, windowing) Termination of connection (4-way handshake) Transport Layer protocols are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

14

Layer 4 Addressing
Port Numbers :
Port numbers are classified to Well Known port (0-1023), it identifies different applications, ex:FTP(20,21), Telnet(23), SMTP(25), DNS(53), HTTP(80) User defined port (1024-65535), it is given randomly by the operating system for each session initiated by the host
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

15

Multiplexing applications
2 1

12.0.0.1
13.0.0.1 web server

12.0.0.2

3 Source IP 1 2 3 12.0.0.1 12.0.0.1 12.0.0.2 Destination IP Source port Destination port 13.0.0.1 13.0.0.1 13.0.0.1 1200 1500 1200 80 80 80
16

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Connection establishment
3-Way Handshake :

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

17

Connection management
- Sequencing & Acknowledgement :

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

18

Flow Control
Flow control avoids the problem of a transmitting host overflowing the buffers in the receiving host.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

19

Flow Control
- Ready / Not Ready :

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

20

Flow Control
- Windowing (PAR):

error in
2 2 2 2

2
2

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

21

Flow Control
- Windowing (PAR):

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

22

Connection termination (4-way handshake)

Ack, FIN Ack Ack, FIN Ack

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

23

Transport layer protocols

- TCP :
- Transmission Control Protocol - Connection oriented

- Reliable service

- UDP :
- User Datagram Protocol - Connectionless - Unreliable service
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

24

TCP Characteristics

Operates at the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack

Connection-oriented protocol
Error checking Sequencing of data packets Acknowledgement of receipt Data recovery features

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

25

TCP Header

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

26

UDP Characteristics
Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models

Provides applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of reliability mechanisms ( speedy ) Connectionless protocol
Limited error checking Best-effort delivery No data recovery features
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

27

UDP Header

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

28

Port Numbers

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

29

Application Layer

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

30 30

TCP/IP Application Layer Overview

File transfer FTP TFTP Network File System

E-mail
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Remote login Telnet

rlogin
Network management Simple Network Management Protocol Name management Domain Name System

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

31

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

32