QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Under the leadership of Gandhi the Quit India Movement was launched. The purpose of this was to set up series of non-violent ways hopefully leading up to the long awaited Independence. From this quote by Gandhi "We shall either free India or die in the attempt; We shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery" the saying Do or Die soon became popular among the Indian people. This was a simple way of stating the way the importance to regain independence. This Movement got off to a rocky start because before Congress could pass the movement the government declared it illegal and arrested all of the major leader. As a result of this a series of revolts broke out in what was known as "British Quit India." The middle class was especially active during the first few phases. But they were soon weakened by the harsh repression. The last phase in the movement was a difficult one characterized by terrorist activity against communication, police and army installations. A man named Chandrashekhar Azad put together a campaign called Azad Hind Fauj which stood for Indian Nations Army-INA. His only slogan

GADAR PARTY

The GADAR or GHADAR PARTY was secular in character. Its aim was to overthrow the British rule by using force and free India from foreign domination. GADAR Party was the popular name of the "Hindi Association of the Pacific Coast" which ran the newspaper "GADAR" which was loved by every Indian. The original party from which "Hindi Association of the Pacific Coast" came into being is the "Hindi Association" which was established in Portland (Oregon) in 1912. GADAR PARTY can be said to have the following as the founding members:

FOUNDING MEMBERS:

Sohan Singh Bhakna (President) Kesar Singh (Vice President)

Lala Hardyal (General Secretary & Editor, Urdu Gadar)

Kartar Singh Sarabha (Editor, Punjabi Gadar) Baba Jawala Singh (Vice President)

Baba Waisakha Singh

SWARAJ PARTY

The Swaraj Party was a political party in India that sought greater self-government and political freedoms for the Indian people from the British Raj. In Hindi and many other languages of India, swaraj means "independence" or "self-rule". The Swaraj Party was formed by Indian politicians and members of the Indian National Congress who had opposed Mahatma Gandhi's suspension of all civil resistance in 1922 in response to the Chauri Chaura tragedy, where policemen were killed by a mob of protestors. Gandhi felt responsible for the killings, reproached himself for not emphasizing non-violence more firmly, and feared that the entire Non-Cooperation Movement would degenerate into an orgy of violence between the British-controlled army and police and mobs of freedom-fighters, alienating and hurting millions of common Indians. He went on a fast-unto-death to convince all Indians to stop civil resistance. The Congress and

SIMMON COMISSION

In November, 1927 the British government appointed the Simon Commission. It consisted of Englishmen without a single Indian representative. In the Congress session it was decided to boycott the Simon commission. The commission arrived in India in February 1928 and was met, with a country wide hartal (strike) wherever the commission went. Peaceful demonstrators were beaten up by the police. Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted at Lahore and soon after died. Govind Ballabh Pant received a heavy blow which disabled him for life. In March 1929, 31 labour leaders were arrested on the charge of conspiracy. The trial which lasted four years is known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The nationalist leaders provided legal defence to the accused. The British government in 1929 issued the public safety ordinance to remove from India persons it considered British and foreign communist agents. The government also enacted a law to curb trade union activities.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT DANDI MARCH

Under the leadership of Gandhiji, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in AD 1930. It began with the Dandi March. On 12 March 1930, Gandiji with some of his followers left the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad and made their way towards Dandi, a village on the west coast of India. After travelling for twenty-five days and covering a distance of three hundred and eighty-five kms, the group reached Dandi on 6 April 1930. Here, Gandhiji protested against the Salt Law (salt was a monopoly of the government and no one was allowed to make salt) by making slat himself and throwing up a challenge to the British government. The Dandi March signified the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA

On 14 August 1947, Pakistan was made an independent country, and on 15 August 1947 India was made independent as the British transferred their power over at midnight. Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who had trained as a barrister in London and lived in London again in the 1930s, was sworn in as Governor-General of Pakistan. Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India who had overseen this transfer of power, became Governor-General of India for the interim. Jawaharlal Nehru, who had studied at Harrow School, Cambridge, and as a barrister in London, took up the position of Prime Minister of India. Independence was celebrated in Britain by South Asians. At 11am on 15 August 1947, Indians gathered at India House in Aldwych to salute the flag. Pakistanis gathered in celebration at Lancaster House. In the afternoon, the Indian Conciliation Group held a celebration at Friends House in London where High Commissioners for India and Pakistan were present. They were both new in that position from 15 August: Habib Ibrahim Rahimtoolah for Pakistan, and V. K. Krishna Menon for India. A celebration was also held at the International Club in Croydon for students where the Dean of Canterbury blessed the Indian and Pakistani flags.

AFTER INDEPENDCE

INTERRODUCTION

The term Indian National Movement encompasses a wide range of areas like political organisations, philosophies and movements which had the common aim to ending the company rule (East India Company) , and then British imperial authority, in parts of South Asia. The independence movement saw various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts, some nonviolent and others not so. During the first quarter of the 19th century, Rammohan Roy introduced modern education into India. Swami Vivekananda was the chief architect who profoundly projected the rich culture of India to the west at the end of 19th century. Many of the country's political leaders of the 19th and 20th century, including Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, were influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda[citation needed]. The first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took to the political stage in the form of a mainstream movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress (INC), with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Serviceexaminations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political independence proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. The term Indian National Movement encompasses a wide range of areas like political organisations, philosophies and movements which had the common aim to ending the company rule (East India Company) , and then British imperial authority, in parts of South Asia. The independence movement saw various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts, some nonviolent and others not so. During the first quarter of the 19th century, Rammohan Roy introduced modern education into India. Swami Vivekananda was the chief architect who profoundly projected the rich culture of India to the west at the end of 19th century. Many of the country's political leaders of the 19th and 20th

ESTABLISHMENT OF REPUBLIC

The history of the Republic of India began on 26 January 1950. The country became an independent dominion within the British Commonwealth15 August 1947. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by thepartition of India. The partition led to a population transfer of more than 10 million people between India and Pakistan and the death of about one million people. Nationalist leader Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the Deputy Prime Minister of India and its Minister of Home Affair

ACCESSION OF KASHMIR

The conflict in Kashmir dates to the partition of India in 1947. The State of Jammu & Kashmir was at this time majority Muslim but with a Hindu ruler, and it was unclear whether it would accede to Pakistan or India. Its eventual accession to India became a matter of dispute between the two countries, with both India and Pakistan claiming ownership of Kashmir. After a brief war in 1947-48, Kashmir was divided between Pakistan and India administered territories. A ceasefire line was agreed under UN supervision, which has since been renamed the Line of Control. Around one third of the territory has since been administered by Pakistan, with the remainder administered by India, including Kashmir Valley, which has a strong Muslim majority.

BUILDING OF NEW INDIA

India is evolving from its role as the world 's back office into a knowledge and innovation hub, despite the limitations imposed by the country 's weak infrastructure and antiquated education system. Indian outsourcers have also evolved into world-class research and development (R&D) centers. As a result, the call centre operators in India can now found to be helping enhance patient care for US hospitals, optimize financial transactions for Australian banks and streamline parts management for European engineering firms. Similarly, the Indian IT companies can be found developing missioncritical avionics systems, next-generation telecom technologies and complex medical devices. This is bound to benefit not just India but the global economy as well.

ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY

Democracy is a form of government in which people are governed by their own elected representatives. It is a government of the people, for the people and by the people. In this system of government, it is the people who are supreme and sovereign. They control the government. They are free to elect a government of their own choice. Freedom of choice is the core of democracy. Democracy existed in ancient Greek and Roman republics but with little success. It had very little scope in ancient India. Democracy entered its golden stage in he twentieth century. Many countries in the world today follow the democratic form of government. Democracy depends on the following conditions (i) co-existence of ideas and of parties; (ii) the right to free discussion; (iii) universal adult suffrage; and (iv) periodic elections.

PANCHSHILA

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, known in India as the Panchsheel TREATY (from Sanskrit, panch:five, sheel:virtues), are a set of principles to govern relations between states. Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954. They were enunciated in the preamble to the "Agreement (with exchange of notes) on trade and intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India", which was signed at Peking on 29 April 1954.[1] This agreement stated the five principles as: Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, Mutual non-aggression, Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, Equality and mutual benefit, and Peaceful co-existence.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS

Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly of India. It was originally elected before Independence for the United India. It met first on the 9th of December 1946. It worked for two years eleven months and eighteen days, before it adopted the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly had held eleven sessions. First six Sessions were spent in passing the Objectives Resolution, and Consideration of the Reports of various Committees including the one on Fundamental Rights. The seventh to eleventh sessions debated the Draft Constitution.

After Partition of the Country, on 15th August 1947, the Members elected to the Constituent Assembly from Areas that remained with Indian Union, continued with the work of framing Free Indias Constitution. All those elected from the areas that fell into the newly created Pakistan went to Pakistan, or resigned. Baba Saheb Dr BR Ambedkar, elected in a by-election from the constituency vacated by Mandal, lost his Membership of the Constituent Assembly, as that fell into East-Pakistan, the present day Bangladesh. He was thankfully re-elected to the Constituent Assembly from the seat vacated for him by Jayakar. Baba Saheb was also elected to the Drafting Committee of the Constitution, and ultimately became the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. As Chairman, he moved the Draft Constitution, defended or redrafted every provision of the Constitution. The Constitution finally was moved by Baba Saheb, for adoption on 25th November 1949. And the Constitution was approved on 26th November 1949.

ANTI CORRUPTION MOVEMENT BY ANNA HAZARE

The 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement were a series of demonstrations and protests across India intended to establish strong legislation and enforcement against endemic political corruption before the 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement was started.[5] The Indian anticorruption movement has been named among the "Top 10 News Stories of 2011" by Time magazine.[6][7] The movement has gained momentum since 5 April 2011, when anticorruption activist Anna Hazare began his now-famous hunger strikeat the Jantar Mantar in New Delhi. The chief legislative aim of the movement is to alleviate corruption in the Indian government through theJan Lokpal Bill. Another important aim, led by protests under Swami Ramdev, is the repatriation of black money from Swiss and other foreign banks. Grievances of mass protesters focus on legal and political issues including political corruption, kleptocracy, and other forms of corruption. The