Lesson 6 - Introduction To Power Systems

Master in Advanced Power Electrical Engineering Techno-economic aspects of power systems
Ronnie Belmans
Stijn Cole Dirk Van Hertem
Copyright 2005
Overview
Lesson 1: Liberalization Lesson 2: Players, Functions and Tasks Lesson 3: Markets Lesson 4: Present generation park Lesson 5: Future generation park Lesson 6: Introduction to power systems Lesson 7: Power system analysis and control Lesson 8: Power system dynamics and security Lesson 9: Future grid technologies: FACTS and HVDC Lesson 10: Distributed generation
Copyright 2005 - 2008
Outline Introduction to power systems

Power systems
Grid structure Grid elements New investments in the grid
Tasks of the TSO Grid operation issues
The grid of today

Transmission network
To transport the electric power from the point of generation to the load centers All above a certain voltage
(Subtransmission) Distribution network

To distribute the electric power among the consumers Below a certain voltage
Transmission system
Structure of the power grid Whats the difference?
Higher voltage (typical at least 110 kV and higher) Power injection by generation and import, large consumers Interconnected internationally Meshed nature-Redundancy (Subtransmission system) Between transmission system and distribution system Connection of large industrial users and cities Open loop/partly meshed Distribution system 400 V to some ten of kV Industry, commercial and residential areas Radial
Industrial network (Haasrode)
Transformer: 70 kV/10kV, 20 MVA
UCTE
Example: Map of the Iberian transmission system
Transport of electric power
Electric power P [MW]
Alternating current S [MVA]
Two ways to increase the transported power
P or S = U * I
Increase current I
o
Larger conductor cross-section
Increase voltage U
o
More insulation
Two ways to transport electricity
Alternating current (AC) Direct current (DC)

Problem faced by electricity pioneers AC or DC?
Direct Current DC
Generator built by W. von Siemens and Z.Gramme

o
Low line voltage, and consequently limitation to size of the system
Alternating current AC
Introduced by Nikola Tesla and Westinghouse

Transformer invented by Tesla allows increasing the line voltage o Allows transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances
o
Transformer
AC transmission system
Frequency of 50 or 60Hz

Current changes direction 100 or 120 times a sec Active AND reactive power in the same line
3 phase system Line voltages can be easily and economically

transformed up and down AC current does not use the whole conductor
Skin effect
o
AC conductors have larger diameters than adequate DC
Switchyard
DC transmission system
Only active power
Current flows in one direction Conductor cross-sections fully used Low transmission losses Requires DC-AC converters to control the voltage level Expensive Switching of higher voltage DC more difficult

AC vs DC
Advantages of AC

Advantages of DC
o
Cheaper transformation between voltages Easy to switch off Less equipment needed Known and reliable technology More economical in general Rotating field
Long distance transmission

Higher investment costs offset by lower losses
on 1000 km line, 5% for DC opposed to 20% for AC
Undersea and underground transmission

o o o
No reactive power problem With different frequencies (Japan,South-America) Different control area, i.e. UCTE with Nordel and UK
Connection of separate power systems
Cost of transmission line function of voltage level
Lines and cables
Overhead transmission lines
Economical
o
However, visual pollution
Widely used in transmission over large distances More expensive than lines
o
Underground cables
5 to 25 times higher capital costs for 380kV Ground above the cable can be still used However, maintenance costs are significant
Underground, thus invisible to the public

o o
Widely used in urban areas
Overhead line
Transmission capacity upgrade

AC overhead
Evaluation: different
points of view

New line Refurbishing New conductor types
AC underground
Technical Economical Regulatory Environmental
Conventional cables GILs HTS
Overhead AC transmission New line
Advantages
Widely used in transmission over large distances Most economical (especially in rural areas) Well-known technology
Best choice from techno-economic point of view Classic approach to network reinforcement
Environmental aspects

Visual impact Vegetation Population Town planning Cultural heritage Natural site and landscape
Social and political issues
Concern about health effects Not popular heavy resistance

o
o o o o
Regulatory
NIMBY NIMTO BANANA CAVE NOPE
Permit process up to 15 years
Conclusion
Best from technoeconomic point of view Worst from environmental, social & political point of view
Very difficult to construct new lines in industrialized countries
alternatives needed!
Overhead AC transmission Adding/replacing conductors
Increased ampacity
Without supplementary environmental impact Within existing right-of-way
Equip second circuit
No new towers needed cost effective Tower and foundation modifications may be needed very high cost new conductor types
Heavier conductors
Overhead AC transmission New conductor types
Material properties

Economics Regulatory
Composite core Surrounded by aluminium(-zirconium) Increased strenght and reduced weight Increased ampacity Significantly higher cost No tower modifications needed Outdated standards state maximum conductor temperature independent of conductor type
Other drawbacks
New technology limited experience e.g.: no data on expected lifetime available Higher operating temp losses increase
AC cables
AC cables vs. overhead lines
Technical
o o o o
Almost no maintenance needed Repair more difficult Technical difficulties at high voltages Limited distance
Economical
5 to 25 times higher capital costs (/MVA) o Although cost differences have narrowed o Repair costs are significant
o
AC cables
AC cables vs. overhead lines
Environmental
o
o
Invisibility Dangers: oil spill, poisonous SF6 arcing byproducts

Less right-of-way needed Permitting takes less time Less concern for health risks (although electromagnetic fields are higher) Ground above the cable can still be used
Social & political

o o o o
Widely used in urban areas
AC cables
Classic
Paper insulated, oil-filled XLPE
New types
Higher voltages Lower losses More expensive
AC Cables New types
Gas Insulated Cables (SF6)
Temperature protection
Higher voltages due to better insulation Suited to bulk transmission C lower suitable for long distances Complex placement (many joints) Arcing by-products hazardous for environment Considered for future tunnel connections (e.g. in the Alps)
Operating very close to limits Belgium: Tihange - Avernas
AC Cables New types
High Temperature Superconducting
No conduction losses at cryogenic temperatures Cooling losses Cooling and cooling equipment expensive Reduced dimensions Environmentally friendly Could prove economic for specific cases R&D needed
AC cables vs DC cables
Source: ABB
Cables
Tasks of the TSO

Transmission System Operator TSO
Operates the grid

o o o
Constant monitoring of system conditions Frequency control (active power) Voltage management (reactive power) Access Responsible Parties (ARP) need to balance their productions and consumption
Administrates the settlement of unbalances

o
TSO takes actions if ARP deviates from the schedule TSO charges the ARP for the incurred costs
To keep the lights on

ARP
Production Import/ Export
~
Grids
~
ARP1 ARPN
~
I/E
I/E
Consumer
Frequency control
Tasks of the TSO

Frequency control
Primary frequency control

o o
Compensate for short-term unbalances at local level Stabilize frequency within acceptable range around set point Control the load-generation balance at the programmed export-import Contribute to bringing the frequency back to its set point Relieve the primary control reserve after an incident Laufenburg control centre in Switzerland To account for the Synchronous Time deviations
Secondary and tertiary frequency control

o o o
Scheduled (set point) frequency (time control)

o o
50.01 or 49.99 Hz for the whole day
Tasks of the TSO

Reactive power management and voltage control
Primary voltage control

o o o
Excitation of generators Capacitors SVCs (Static Var Compensators) Zonal coordination of the voltage and reactive power control Maintains the required voltage level at a key node Optimization of the reactive power distribution
Secondary voltage control

o o
Tertiary voltage control

o
Based on real-time measurements Device settings adjustment
Tasks of the TSO
Constant monitoring of system conditions
State estimation
o
To get best possible picture of system conditions

Find a best-fit load flow Based on metered values (imperfect measurements)
Contingency analysis
o
N-1 security rule

One accident cannot bring the system in danger Redundancy
From national to international grid
Synchronous areas in Europe

UCTE
Established in 1951 as UCPTE, 9 control zones, currently 27

o o o o
23 countries, 33 TSOs, 620 GW installed capacity, 295 TWh exchanges Full synchronous operation of its members in 1958 absorbed many smaller initiatives along the way
CENTREL, SUDEL, COMELEC
450 mln. people, annual electricity consumption 2500 TWh.
Nordel
UKTSOA ATSOI UPS/IPS

F,SWE,NO,DK (part) UK
Ireland Ex Commonwealth of Independent States
Synchronous areas (1) Why create synchronous areas ?
Increase grid reliability and mutual support
Improved system frequency control to minimize major disturbances Mutual support in case of emergencies Sharing reserve capacities
Facilitate functioning of the electricity market
non-discriminatory domestic and cross-border access to the grid No need for synchronous area as such, also possible with dc links
Example of direct benefits
Zone of 15 GW production capacity loses its largest unit 1 GW

Isolated: needs to develop 1 GW in less than 5s to avoid collapse o As a part of UCTE it needs to develop its share of the two largest UCTE unit, and thus x% of 3GW, in 15-30s.
o
Synchronous areas (2) Challenges
Coordination and control of the power flows
Interdependency of power flows Interconnected systems share benefits and problems
Problems on top of the above
Often different standards applied in control zones
Technical standards differences

Exact same line can have different capacities

Different interpretation of frequency control Different operational standards
Source: IAEW
Synchronous areas (3) Operational handbook (UCTE)

Stronger interconnections require common and consistent understanding of grid operation and control and security in terms of fixed technical standards and procedures
Result of discussion between all TSOs involved
Successor of past technical and organizational rules and recommendations Unification and formalization of standards To make the best possible use of benefits of interconnected operation To keep the quality standards in the market environment
Operation handbook: http://www.ucte.org/publications/ophandbook/
Cross-border power flows in European grid
Typical power flow pattern
Countries structurally exporting or importing Unstable production strongly influences the pattern
o
However
Wind generation
Restrictions consist typically of several lines

What matters for the grid are individual lines flows! o This differs considerably from the physical border capacity
o
UCTE physical energy exchanges 2004 [GWh]
Level of congestion between EU Member States

Source: DG COMP
Franco-Belgian Border 2001
Unexpected flows not just ONE TIME event
More like a permanent thing
Wind power is a problem

Large wind parks problematic for the network

Unstable dispatch within a zone

o
Will there be wind? Not too much?
Unstable loop flows
Benelux case
Positive correlation between loop flows and wind in Germany

o
Up to 0.4
Loop flows almost entirely through BE and NL
Phase shifter investments in the Benelux in order allow power flow control
1
2 5
3 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Meeden (Nl) Gronau (D) Kinrooi (B) Kinrooi (B) Zandvliet (B) Monceau (B)
6
How dangerous can unexpected flows be?
Unannounced wind power in the north Germany
Actual event - Monday 27 Oct. 2003, 18h00 - 20h00
Very heavily loaded D-NL border

4550 MW total physical flows in the direction of NL

o
2380 MW more than scheduled
Loss of N-1 security on 2 cross-border lines Loss of N-1 security on phase shifting transformer Gronau (charged at 1250 MW) Risk for the blackout in Benelux
Unannounced wind power in the north D

scheduled power exchanges
- 980 - 3068
B
- 1017
ELIA
798
NL
- 2967
TENNET
2169
CENTREL
PSE
D
RWE
2150
PSE PL
CEPS CZ
1815
North South GB
SEPS
MVM H
+3903
SK
+3126
4669
RTE 752
- 504
+3846
1525
DC link
118
- 426
A
120
APG
575
+677
CH E
REE
646
+2614 +2560
ETRANS
3022
I P
REN
ELES SLO
1704
- 5380
TERNA
481
HEP HR
ELES
BiH
- 452
401

scheduled power exchanges vs physical power flows
- 980 - 3068
B
- 1017
ELIA
798 1485
NL
- 2967
TENNET
2169 4553
CENTREL
PSE
D
RWE
2150 1421
PSE PL
CEPS CZ
1815
505
North South GB
SEPS SK
MVM H
+3903
+3126
4669
RTE 752
- 504
+3846
1189
1525
DC link
342 118
- 426
A
120
APG
575
+677
CH E
REE
646 846
+2614 +2560
ETRANS
28 401
ELES SLO
3022
I P
REN
2875
1704 1267
- 5380
TERNA
481
HEP HR
ELES
BiH
- 452

difference between physical and programmed flows
B
ELIA
2283 2320
NL
TENNET
2384
CENTREL
PSE CEPS CZ
North South
D
RWE
729
PL
SEPS SK
MVM H
PSE
F
RTE
4327
1307
A
APG
CH E
REE
1492
ETRANS
92 147
I P
REN
ELES SLO
437
TERNA
HEP HR
ELES
BiH
Cumulative wind power installed capacity 2005
Wind power installed in Europe by end of 2005
Share of daily wind power in respective daily peak demand in E.ON-grid (Germany).
Conclusions
Grid operation becomes more complex Due to the market based flows Caused by wind energy Controlling frequency and voltage by active and reactive power

Lesson 6 - Introduction To Power Systems

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Lesson 6 - Introduction To Power Systems

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Master in Advanced Power Electrical Engineering Techno-economic aspects of power systems

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Outline Introduction to power systems

Grid structure Grid elements New investments in the grid

Tasks of the TSO Grid operation issues

Copyright 2005 - 2008

The grid of today

(Subtransmission) Distribution network

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Structure of the power grid Whats the difference?

Industrial network (Haasrode)

Transformer: 70 kV/10kV, 20 MVA

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Example: Map of the Iberian transmission system

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Transport of electric power

Electric power P [MW]

Alternating current S [MVA]

Two ways to increase the transported power

Larger conductor cross-section

Two ways to transport electricity

Alternating current (AC) Direct current (DC)

Problem faced by electricity pioneers AC or DC?

Generator built by W. von Siemens and Z.Gramme

Low line voltage, and consequently limitation to size of the system

Introduced by Nikola Tesla and Westinghouse

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Copyright 2005 - 2008

3 phase system Line voltages can be easily and economically

AC conductors have larger diameters than adequate DC

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Long distance transmission

Undersea and underground transmission

Connection of separate power systems

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Cost of transmission line function of voltage level

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Lines and cables

Overhead transmission lines

However, visual pollution

Underground, thus invisible to the public

Widely used in urban areas

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Transmission capacity upgrade

New line Refurbishing New conductor types

Technical Economical Regulatory Environmental

Conventional cables GILs HTS

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Overhead AC transmission New line

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Overhead AC transmission New line

Copyright 2005 - 2008

Overhead AC transmission New line

Social and political issues

Concern about health effects Not popular heavy resistance

NIMBY NIMTO BANANA CAVE NOPE

Permit process up to 15 years

Copyright 2005 - 2008