BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

The impedance matrix is given by

Z
bus
= Y
bus
-1

Since the bus admittance matrix is symmetrical, the
bus impedance matrix is also symmetrical around the
principal diagonal.

In bus impedance matrix, the elements on the main
diagonal are called driving point impedance of the
buses or nodes and the off-diagonal elements are
called the transfer impedances of the buses or nodes.

The bus impedance matrix is very useful in fault
analysis or calculations.


The bus impedance matrix can be determined
by

Taking the inverse of the bus admittance
matrix formed.

Bus building algorithm.


Bus building algorithm


Let us denote the original Z
bus
of a system with
n-number of independent buses as Z
orig
.

When a branch of impedance Z
b
is added to
the system, the Z
orig
gets modified.
The branch impedance Z
b
can be added to the original system in
the following four different ways.

Case 1 : Adding a branch of impedance Z
b
from a new-p to the
reference bus.

Case 2: Adding a branch of impedance Z
b
from a new-p to an
existing bus-q.

Case 3 : Adding a branch of impedance Z
b
from an existing
bus-1 to the reference bus.

Case 4 : Adding a branch of impedance Z
b
between two
existing buses h and q.


Case 1 : Adding Z
b
from a new bus-p to the reference bus.

Consider a n-bus system as shown in fig. Let us add a bus-p
through an impedance Z
b
to the reference bus.

The addition of a bus will increase the order of the bus
impedance matrix by one.

In this case the elements of (n+1)
th
column and row all zeros
except the diagonal.

The diagonal element is the added branch impedance Z
b
.

The elements of original Z
bus
matrix are not altered.

The new bus impedance matrix will be as shown in equation
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
b
orig
new bus
Z
Z
Z
| 0 0 0
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
,
Case 2 : Adding Z
b
from a new busp to existing bus-q

Consider a n-bus system as shown in fig. in which a new
bus-p is added through an impedance Z
b
to an existing
bus-q.

The addition of a bus will increase the order of the bus
impedance matrix by one.

In this the element of (n+1)
th
column are the elements of
q
th
column and elements of (n+1)
th
row are the elements
of q
th
row.

The diagonal element is given by sum of Z
qq
and Z
b
.

The elements of original Z
bus
matrix are not altered.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+

=
b qq qq q q
q
q
new bus
Z Z Z Z Z
Zbus
Z
Z
Z
| .
|
. |
. |
|
|
2 1
2
1
,
Case 3 : Adding Z
b
from an existing bus-q to the reference bus
Consider a n-bus system as shown in fig.c in which an impedance Z
b
is
added from an existing bus-q to the reference bus.

Let us consider as if the impedance Z
b
is connected from a new bus-p and
existing bus-q. Now it will be an addition as that of case-2.

Then we can short-circuit the bus-q to reference bus.

This is equivalent to eliminating (n+1)
th
bus (i.e. bus-p in this case) and so
the bus impedance matrix has to be modified by eliminating (n+1)
th
row
and (n+1)
th
column.

The reduced bus impedance matrix can be formed by a procedure similar
to that of bus elimination in bus admittance matrix.

This reduced bus impedance matrix is the actual new bus impedance
matrix. Every element of actual new bus impedance matrix can be
determined using the equation below..
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
,
+ +
+ +
=
n n
k n n j
jk act jk
Z
Z Z
Z Z

Case 4 : Adding Z
b
between two existing buses h and q

Consider a n-bus system shown in fig. d, in which an
impedance Z
b
is added between two existing buses h
and q.
In this case the bus impedance matrix is formed as
shown in equation .
Here the elements of (n+1)
th
column is the difference
between the elements of column-h and column-q.

The elements of (n+1)
th
row is the difference
between the elements of row-h and row-q.

The diagonal element is given by equation .
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
b qq qn hn q he q h
nq nh
q h
q h
new bus
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Zbus
Z Z
Z Z
Z
| .
|
|
. |
|
|
2 1 1
2 2
1 1
,
hq qq hh b n n
Z Z Z Z Z 2
) 1 )( 1 (
+ + =
+ +
Since the modification does not involve addition of
new bus, the order of new bus impedance matrix has
to be reduced to n x n by eliminating the (n+1)
th

column and (n+1)
th
row.

This reduced bus impedance matrix is the actual new
bus impedance matrix.
Every element of the actual new bus impedance
matrix can be determined using equation given below.
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
,
+ +
+ +
=
n n
k n n j
jk act jk
Z
Z Z
Z Z