Fourier Series

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
presentation
Dr. Padma Murali
Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Engineering Mathematics II
Lecture 12
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Fourier Series
Definition : The fourier series of a function f defined
on the interval (-p, p) is given by
( )

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
n
n n
x
p
n
b x
p
n
a
a
x f
t t
Where
( )
}
=
p
p
dx x f
p
a
1
0
( ) dx x
p
n
x f
p
a
p
p
n
}
=
t
cos
1
( )
}
=
p
p
n
dx x
p
n
x f
p
b
t
sin
1
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
To derive the expression for the coefficients a
0
, a
n
, and
b
n
.
We have
( )

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
n
n n
x
p
n
b x
p
n
a
a
x f
t t
Integrate both sides of the above equation from p to
p gives
( )
}

} } }
=

>
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
p
p
n
p
p
p
p
n n
p
p
n
p
x n
b dx x
p
n
a dx
a
dx x f
1
0
1 , sin cos
2
t t
,
Since,

are orthogonal to 1 on the interval, we have
1 , sin cos > n
p
x n
and
p
x n t t
( )
} }

=
(
(
(
= =
p
p
p
p
p
p
pa x
a
dx
a
dx x f
0
0 0
2 2
Solving for a
0
yields
( )
}
=
p
p
dx x f
p
a
1
0
Now, multiply (1) by
p
x mt
cos
and integrating from p to p,
we get
( )
} }

=
p
p
p
p
dx x
p
m a
dx x
p
m
x f
t t cos
2
cos
0
} }
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
1
sin cos cos cos
n
p
p
p
p
n n
dx x
p
n
x
p
m
b dx x
p
n
x
p
m
a
t t t t
By orthogonality, we have
}
> =
p
p
m dx x
p
m
0 , 0 cos
t
}
=
p
p
and dx x
p
n
x
p
m
0 sin cos
t t
}
=
=
=
p
p
n m p
n m
dx x
p
n
x
p
m
,
, 0
cos cos
t t
we have
( )
}
=
p
p
n
p a dx x
p
n
x f . cos
t
( )
}
=
p
p
n
dx x
p
n
x f
p
a
t
cos
1
Now, multiply (1) by
x
p
mt
sin
and integrate from p to p
we have
( )
( )
}
}
=
=
p
p
n
p
p
n
dx x
p
n
x f
p
b
or
p b dx x
p
n
x f
. sin
1
sin
t
t
Since, we have
}
}
=
> =
p
p
p
p
dx x
p
n
x
p
m
m dx x
p
m
0 sin sin
0 , 0 sin
t t
t
And
}
=
=
=
p
p
n m p
n m
dx x
p
n
x
p
m
,
, 0
sin sin
t t
The coefficients a
0
, a
n
, b
n
are called Fourier coefficients
Expand
( )
< s
< <
=
t t
t
x x
x
x f
0 ,
0 , 0
In a fourier series.
Solution
The graph of the function f is given by the below
figure marked by zigzag line
With
t = p
we have using the formula
( ) ( )
(
+ = =
} } }

0
0
0
0
1 1
t
t t
t
t
t t
dx x dx dx x f a
2 2
1
0
2
t
t
t
t
=
(
=
x
x
( )
}
=
t
t
t
dx x n x f a
n
cos
1
( )
(
+ =
} }
0
0
cos 0
1
t
t
t
t
dx nx x dx
( )
t
t
t
t
t
t
0
0 0
cos 1
sin
1 sin 1
(
(

= + =
}
n
nx
n
dx nx
n n
x n
x
t
t
2
1 cos
n
n +
=
( )
t
2
1 1
n
n

=
since
( )
n
n 1 cos = t
Similarly, we find
( )
}
= =
t
t
t
0
1
sin
1
n
dx x x b
n
( )
( )
=
)
`
+

+ =
1
2
sin
1
cos
1 1
4
n
n
nx
n
nx
n
x f
t
t
Let f and f be piecewise continuous on the
interval (-p, p) ; (ie) let f and f be continuous
except at a finite number of points in the interval
and have only finite discontinuities at these
points. Then, the Fourier series of f on the interval
converges to f(x) at a point of continuity. At a point
of discontinuity the Fourier series converges to
the average
( ) ( )
2
+ + x f x f
Where f(x+) and f(x-) denote the limit of f at x from the
right and from the left, respectively.
Sufficient condition for convergence of a
Fourier series at a point
For a point x in the interval and h > 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) h x f x f h x f x f
h h
= + =

+
0 0
lim , lim
The function
( )
< s
< <
=
t t
t
x x
x
x f
0
0 , 0
Satisfies the conditions of the above theorem
t
t
For every x in the interval (- , ) except at x = 0,
the fourier series expansion of f(x) given by

( )
( )
=
)
`
+

+ =
1
2
sin
1
cos
1 1
4
n
n
nx
n
nx
n
x f
t
t
will converge to f(x).
At x =0, the function is discontinuous and so the series
will converge to f(x)
At x = 0, the function is discontinuous and so the series
will converge to
( ) ( )
2 2
0
2
0 0 t t
=
+
=
+ + f f
Fourier Cosine and Sine Series
Even function
A function f is said to be even if f(-x) = f(x)
Odd Function
A function f is said to be odd if f(-x) = -f(x).

Note : On a symmetric interval such as (-p, p), the
graphs of an even function is symmetric with respect to
the y axis. And the graph of an odd function is symmetric
with respect to the origin.
Example (1)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) x f x f
x f x x x f
x x f
=
= = =
=
since
2
2
2
The function
( )
2
x x f =
is even
Example (2)
( )
3
x x f =
Now
( ) ( ) ( ) x f x x x f = = =
3
3
( )
3
x x f =
is an odd function
Example 3
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) x f x x x f
x x f
= = =
=
cos cos
cos
cos x is even
Example 4
( )
( ) ( )
( ) x f
x x x f
x x f
=
= =
=
sin sin
sin
sinx is an odd function.
Properties of Even & Odd Functions
a. The product of two even function is even
Proof : Let f and g be even functions
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x g x g and x f x f = =
Define the product of f and g as
( ) ( ) ( ) x g x f x F =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) . f unction even an is x F
x F x F
x F x g x f
x g x f x F
=
= =
=
b. The product of two odd functions is even.
Proof: we have
( ) ( ) x f x f =
( ) ( ) ( ) then x g x f x F , =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) x F
x g x f
x g x f x g x f x F
=
=
= =
F(x) is even
Hence proved
( ) ( ) x g x g =
c. The product of an even function and an odd
function is odd
Proof: Let f be an even function and g be an odd
function.
This
( ) ( ) x f x f =
( ) ( ) x g x g =
( ) ( ) ( ) x g x f x F =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) x F
x g x f
x g x f
x g x f x F
=
=
=
=
Since
( ) ( ) x F x F =
this F(x) is odd
d. The sum or difference of two even functions is even
Proof : Let f and g be even functions.
Then ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) x g x g
x f x f
=
=
Let the sum be defined as
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) x F
x g x f
x g x f x F
x g x f x F
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
F(x) is even.
Similarly, the difference of two even functions is
also even. In a similar way, we can prove it
e. The sum (difference) of two odd functions is odd
Proof : Let f and g be odd functions
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x g x g x f x f = = ;
Let ( ) ( ) ( ) x g x f x F + =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) x F
x g x f
x g x f
x g x f x F
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
F (x) is odd
Similarly, we can prove that the difference of
two odd functions is odd.
f. If f is even, then
( ) ( )
} }
=
a
a
a
dx x f dx x f
0
2
g. If f is odd, then
( )
}
=
a
a
dx x f . 0
Definition Fourier Cosine and Sine Series
The fourier series of an even function on the interval
(-p, p) is the cosine series
( )

=
+ =
1
0
, cos
2
n
n
x
p
n
a
a
x f
t
Where
( )
( )
}
}
=
=
p
n
p
dx x
p
n
x f
p
a
dx x f
p
a
0
0
0
cos
2
2
t
The Fourier series of an odd function on the
interval (-p, p) is the sine series
( )

=
=
1
, sin
n
n
x
p
n
b x f
t
Where
( )
}
=
p
n
dx x
p
n
x f
p
b
0
sin
2 t
To derive the coefficient a
0
, a
n
, b
n

Case 1
Let f be an even function on (-p, p) then,
( ) ( )
} }
= =
p
p
p
dx x f
p
dx x f
p
a
0
0
2 1
(By the property of even functions)
( )
even
dx x
p
n
x f
p
a
p
p
n
}
=
t
cos
1
( )
}
=
p
dx x
p
n
x f
P
0
. cos
2 t
( )
odd
dx x
p
n
x f
p
b
p
p
n
}
= = 0 sin
1 t
Case 2
Let f be odd on the interval (-p, p)
Then,
( )
odd
dx x f
p
a
p
p
}
= = 0
1
0
( )
odd
dx x
p
n
x f
p
a
p
p
n
}
= = 0 cos
1 t
( )
even
dx x
p
n
x f
p
p
p
p
n
}
= = 0 sin
1 t
( )
}
= =
p
dx x
p
n
x f
p
0
0 sin
2 t
Periodic Extension
Consider the set of trigonometric functions
,.......
3
cos ,
2
cos , cos , 1 x
p
x
p p
x t t t
,.......
3
sin ,
2
sin , sin x
p
x
p
x
p
t t t
is orthogonal on the interval [-p,p]. Each of the
above function are periodic with period 2p
whenever
( )

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
n
n n
p
x n
b x
p
n
a
a
x f
t t
the RHS of the above is periodic with period 2p
( ) x f
is periodic with period
( ) ( ) ( ) x f T x f ie p T = + = . 2
Section 12.3
Expand ( ) , 2 2 , < < = x x x f
in a Fourier series
Solution
The graph of ( ) . 2 2 , < < = x x x f is given by
The function f(x) = x is an odd function since
( ) x x f =
we expand f in a sine series

Here 2p = 4 (ie) p = 2
( )
( )
t
t
t
n
dx x
n
x
dx x
p
n
x f
p
b
n
p
n
1
2
0
0
1 4
2
sin
2
2
sin
2
+
=
=
=
}
}
( )

=
=
1
sin
n
n
x
p
n
b x f
t
( )
( )
=
+
=
1
1
2
sin
1 4
n
n
x
n
n
x f
t
t
Expand the function
( )
< s
< <
=
t
t
x
x
x f
0 , 1
0 , 1
in a Fourier Series
Solution :
The function is odd on the interval
( ) t t,
Here, we have
t = p
( )
}
=
t
t
0
sin 1
2
dx x n b
n
Since
( )
}
=
p
n
dx x
p
n
x f
p
b
0
sin
2 t
( ) ( )
n
n
1 1 2
=
t
( )
( )
=

=
1
sin
1 1 2
n
n
x n
n
x f
t
Half Range Expansions
Previously, we have seen function which was
defined on an interval with the origin as a mid point
(ie) - p<x<p.

Here, we will be looking at functions defined only
on the interval 0 < x < L by a trigonometric series.

If y = f(x) is defined on the interval 0 < x < 1, we
have three cases which are most important.
Reflect the graph of the function about the y-
axis onto L < x < 0; the function is now even
on L < x < L
Reflect the graph of the function through the
origin onto L < x < 0; the function is odd on
L< x < L
Define f on L < x < 0 by f(x) = f(x + L)
Note :
( )

=
+ =
1
0
cos
2
n
n
x
p
n
a
a
x f
t
( )

=
=
1
sin
n
n
x
p
n
b x f
t
1. If f is defined on 0 < x < L, we identify the half
period as the length of the interval p = L.
2. The coefficients of the series

Use the definition of the function on 0 < x < p (ie)
half of the interval p < x < p)

3. The coefficient formulae a
0
, a
n
, b
n
and the
corresponding series yield either an even or an
odd periodic extension of period 2L of the original
function. The cosine and sine obtained are
known as half range expansions.

4. If f is defined over the interval 0 < x < L, we have
2 p = L or p = L/2.
Expand
( ) L x x x f < < = 0 ,
2
in a cosine series
Solution : The graph of the function is given by
}
}
=
= =
L
n
L
dx x
L
n
x
L
a
L dx x
L
a
0
2
0
2 2
0
cos
2
3
2 2
t
Integrating by parts, twice we get
( )
2 2
2
1 4
t n
L
a
n
n

=
( )
( )
+ =
1
2 2
2 2
cos
1 4
3
n
n
L
x n
n
L L
x f
t
t
(b) Expand the function in a sine series
Here
}
=
L
n
dx x
L
n
x
L
b
0
2
sin
2 t
( )
( ) | | 1 1
4 1 2
3 3
2
1
2
+
=
+
n
n
n
L
n
L
t t
( )
( )
( ) | |
=
+
)
`
=
1
3 3
1
2
sin 1 1
2 1 2
n
n
n
L
x n
n n
L
x f
t
t t
(c) Expand the function in a fourier series
Solution
L
n
p
n
and
L p
L
p
t t 2 2 1
2
= =
=
}
= =
L
L dx x
L
a
0
2 2
0
3
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
cos
2
t
t
n
L
dx x
L
n
x
L
a
L
n
=
=
}
}
=
L
n
dx x
L
n
x
L
b
0
2
2
sin
2 t
t n
L
2
=
( )

=
)
`
+ =
1
2
2 2
2
sin
1 2
cos
1
3
n
x
L
n
n
x
L
n
n
L L
x f
t t
t t
Example 1 Obtain the Fourier Series to represent
( ) ( ) t t 2 0 ,
4
1
2
< < = x x x f
Solution
Let
( ) ( )

=
+ + = =
1 1
0
2
sin cos
2 4
1
n n
n n
nx b nx a
a
x x f t
We have
( ) ( )
( )
| |
} }
= =
(
= = =
t t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t t
2
0
2
3 3
2
0
2
0
3
2
0
6 12
1
3 4
1
4
1 1 1
x
x
dx x dx x f a
( ) ( )
} }
= =
t t
t
t t
2
0
2
0
2
0
cos
4
1 1
cos
1
dx nx x dx nx x f a
( ) ( ) { }
t
t t
t
2
0
3 2
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
4
1
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
nx
n
nx
x
n
nx
x
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2
4
1
0
0 cos 2
0 0
2 cos 2
0
4
1
n n n n n
n
=
(
+ =
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
t t
t
t t t
t
( ) ( )
} }
= =
t t
t
t t
2
0
2
0
2
sin
4
1 1
sin
1
dx nx x dx nx x f b
n
( ) ( ) { }
t
t t
t
2
0
3 2
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
4
1
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
nx
n
nx
x
n
nx
x
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 0
0 cos 2
0
2 cos 2
0
2 cos
4
1
3
2
3
2
n n n
n
n
n t t t t
t
0
2 2
4
1
3
2
2
2
=
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
n n n n
t t
t
( )

=
+ + + + = + =
1
2 2 2
2
2
2
.........
3
3 cos
2
2 cos
1
cos
12
cos
12
n
x x x
n
nx
x f
t t
Example 2 : Expand ( ) t 2 0 , sin < < = x x x x f
as a Fourier Series
Solution
Let
( )

=
+ + = =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
sin
n n
n n
nx b nx a
a
x x x f
We have
( )
} }
= =
t t
t t
2
0
2
0
0
sin
1 1
dx x x dx x f a
( ) ( ) | | | | 2 2
1
sin . 1 cos
1
2
0
= = = t
t t
t
x x x
( ) ( )
} } }
= = =
t t t
t t t
2
0
2
0
2
0
sin cos 2
2
1
cos sin
1
cos
1
dx x x x dx nx x x dx nx x f a
n
( ) ( ) | |
}
+ =
t
t
2
0
1 sin 1 sin
2
1
dx x n x n x
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
t
t
2
0
2 2
1
1 sin
1
1 sin
. 1
1
1 cos
1
1 cos
2
1
(
(
)
`
+
+
+

)
`
+
+
+
=
n
x n
n
x n
n
x n
n
x n
x
( ) ( )
(
)
`
+
+
+
=
1
1 2 cos
1
1 2 cos
2
2
1
n
n
n
n
x
t t
t
t
1 ,
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
=
+
+
= n
n n n
When n = 1, we have
} }
= =
t t
t t
2
0
2
0
1
2 sin
2
1
cos sin
1
dx x x dx x x a
| |
2
1
2
1
4
2 sin
. 1
2
2 cos
2
1
2
0
= =
(
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
= t
t t
t
x x
x
( )
} }
= =
t t
t t
2
0
2
0
sin sin
1
sin
1
dx nx x x dx nx x f b
n
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
} }
+ = =
t t
t t
2
0
2
0
1 cos 1 cos
2
1
sin sin 2
2
1
dx x n x n x dx x nx x
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
t
t
2
0
2 2
1
1 cos
1
1 cos
. 1
1
1 sin
1
1 sin
2
1
(
(
)
`
+
+
+

)
`
+
+
+
=
n
x n
n
x n
n
x n
n
x n
x
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
+
+
+
+

=
2 2 2 2
1
1
1
1
1
1 2 cos
1
1 2 cos
2
1
n n n
n
n
n t t
t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 , 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
= =
(
+
+
= n
n n n n t
When n =1, we have
( )
} }
= =
t t
t t
2
0
2
0
1
2 cos 1
2
1
sin sin
1
dx x x xdx x x b
t
t
2
0
2
4
2 cos
2
. 1
1
2 sin
2
1
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
x x
n
x
x x
( ) ( ) t t
t
t
t t
t
=
(
+ =
2
2
2
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
4
2 2
2
1
( )

=
+ + + + =
2 2
1 1
0
sin cos sin cos
2
n n
n n
nx b nx a x b x a
a
x f
=
+
+ + =
2
2
0 cos
1
2
sin cos
2
1
1
n
nx
n
x x t
....... 3 cos
1 3
2
2 cos
1 2
2
cos
2
1
sin 1
2 2
+
+ + = x x x x t
(3) Find the Fourier Series to represent the
function f(x) given by
( )
t t t
t
2 2
0
s s =
s s =
x for x
x for x x f
Deduce that
8
......
5
1
3
1
1
1
2
2 2 2
t
= + + +
Solution
Let
( )

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
n n
n n
nx b nx a
a
x f
Then
( ) ( )
} } }
(
+ = =
t t t
t
t
t t
2
0 0
2
0
2
1 1
dx x dx x dx x f a
( ) t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
=
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
+ =
2
2 2 4
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
0
2
x
x
x
( ) ( )
} } }
(
+ = =
t t t
t
t
t t
2
0 0
2
cos 2 cos
1
cos
1
dx nx x dx nx x dx nx x f a
n
( ) ( )
(
(
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
t
t
t
t
2
2
0
2
cos
1
sin
2
cos
. 1
sin
.
1
n
nx
n
nx
x
n
nx
n
nx
x
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 2 2 2
cos 2 cos 1 cos 1
n
n
n
n
n n
n t t t
t
( ) ( ) | | ( ) | |

= = + =
even is n if
odd is n if
n
n n
n n n
, 0
,
4
1 1
2
1 1 1 1
1
2
2 2
t
t t
( ) ( )
} } }
(
+ = =
t t t
t
t
t t
2
0 0
2
cos 2 sin
1
sin
1
dx nx x dx nx x dx nx x f b
n
( )
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
=
t
t
t
t
t
2
2
0
2
sin
. 1
cos
2
sin
. 1
cos 1
n
nx
n
nx
x
n
nx
n
nx
x
0
cos cos 1
=
(
+ =
n
n
n
n t t t t
t
(4) Find the Fourier expansion for the function
( ) . 1 , 1 ,
2
< = x x x x f
Solution
Let
( )

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
n n
n n
x n b x n a
a
x f t t
Then
( ) ( )
} } } } }

=
(
= = = = =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
3
2 2 2 2 2
0
3
2
3
2 2 0
x
dx x dx x dx x dx x x dx x x a
( )
} } }

= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2
cos cos cos dx x n x dx x n x dx x n x x a
n
t t t
2 2
1
2 2 2 2
1
0
1
0
3 3 2 2
2 2
) 1 ( 4 ) 1 ( 4
]
cos 2
[ 2
cos
2
cos
2
sin
. 2 cos 2 0
t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
n n n
n
n
x n
n
x n
x
n
x n
x dx x n x
n n +

=

= =
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
}
( )
} } }

= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2
sin sin sin dx x n x dx x n x dx x n x x b
n
t t t
1
0
1
0
2 2
sin
. 1
cos
2 0 sin 2
} (
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
= =
t
t
t
t
t
n
x n
n
x n
x dx x n x
( ) ( )
t t t
t
n n n
n
n n 1
1 2 1 2 cos
2
+
=

=
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = .......
3
3 cos
2
2 cos
1
cos 4
3
1
2 2 2 2
2
x x x
x x
t t t
t
|
.
|
\
|
+ + .......
3
3 sin
2
2 sin
1
sin 2
2
x x x t t t
t
(5) Expand
2
x x H
in a half-range sine series in the interval
( ) H , 0 up to the first three terms.
Solution
Let
=
=
1
2
, sin
n
n
nx b x x t
then
( )
}
=
t
t
t
0
2
sin
2
dx nx x x b
n
( ) ( ) ( )
x
n
nx
n
nx
x
n
nx
x x
0
3 2
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos 2
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
= t t
t
( ) | |
n
n n n
n
1 1
4 2 cos 2 2
3 3 3
=
(
+ =
t
t
t
3
8
0
n
or
t
=
according to whether n is even or odd
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + = ........
5
5 sin
3
3 sin
sin
8
3 3
2
x x
x x x
t
t

Fourier Series

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Fourier Series

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

BITS Pilani

we expand f in a sine series

Anda mungkin juga menyukai