&MALPOSITION
LECTURE OVERVIEW
Abnormal lie, malpresentation and malposition Malpresentation and its management breech face brow shoulder compound
DEFINITIONS
Abnormal lie where the long axis of the fetus is not lying along the long axis of the mother LONGITUDINAL (MAY BE EITHER CEPHALIC OR BREECH) TRANSVERSE OBLIQUE UNSTABLE
DEFINITIONS
Malpresentation where the fetus is lying longitudinally, but presents in any manner other than vertex BREECH FACE BROW SHOULDER COMPOUND CORD
DEFINITIONS
Malposition where the fetus is lying longitudinally and the vertex is presenting, but it is not in the OA position OT (LOT, ROT) OP
DEFINITIONS
Malpresentation where the fetus is lying longitudinally, but presents in any manner other than vertex BREECH FACE BROW SHOULDER COMPOUND CORD
CONTRAINDICTAIONS:
3rd trimester bleeding uterine anomalies ROM, oligohydramnios need for CS for other reasons (placenta praevia, contracted pelvis, hyperextended head) indicated vaginal delivery (fetal death, anomaly best delivered as breech)
SUCCESS
60-70%
TECHNIQUE
after 36W CTG prior attempt to perform forward somersault tocolytic CTG after (8% bradycardia; 5% fetomaternal haemorrhage) anti D (if Rh negative)
EFW <2500g; >3500g preterm breech hyperextended fetal head palcenta praevia concerns re. fetal well being, including oligohydramnios footling breech
?complete breech
?all PG breech
Frank or complete breech EFW 2500-3500g gestational age >36 weeks fetal head must be flexed maternal pelvis must be adequate
no other maternal or fetal indiaction for CS experienced obstetrician, anaesthetist and paediatrician present at delivery
FACE PRESENTATION
Incidence: 0.2% Mechanics of presentation: Characterized by extreme extension of the fetal head so the face (rather than the skull) presents to the birth canal Aetiology
any factor that favours extension such as fetal goitre, anencephaly high maternal parity
At diagnosis:
BROW PRESENTATION
head is extended such that attitude is halfway between flexion (vertex) and hyperextension (face) usually transitional- when the head is in the process of converting from a vertex to a face or vice versa presenting part is between the facial orbits and anterior fontanelle supraoccipitomental diameter is presenting 13.5cm; cf 9.5cm for suboccipitobregmatic
AETIOLOGY
Fetal
prematurity, multiple polyhydramnios anomaly praevia contraction, tumour high maternal parity (80% of cases occur in women who are para3 or more)
Liquor
Uterine
Placenta
Pelvis
Parity
MANGEMENT
Otherwise expectant
mostly doesnt interfere with normal delivery vertex-foot: try to gently reposition the lower extremity if arm prolapses in vertex-hand, wait and see if it moves as head descends; if it converts to shoulder presentation, deliver by CS
SUMMARY
Abnormal lie, malpresentation, malposition Incidence, mechanics, aetiology, diagnosis, management of BREECH PRESENTATION FACE PRESENTATION BROW PRESENTATION SHOULDER PRESENTATION COMPOUND PRESENTATION