THE DEPED INTEL FORMAT (PART 1)

Easy, breezy, beautiful

Previous Format
Title Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables Abstract

Previous Format
Chapter 1 The Problem and its Setting Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Chapter 3 Materials and Methods Chapter 4 Results and Discussion Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Previous Format
Acknowledgment Bibliography Appendices

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Title Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables Abstract

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Research Plan
Materials

and Methods Treatments / General procedures

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Introduction

Background

of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Results and Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Bibliography Acknowledgments

Writing with the Dep-Ed Intel Format

Write what you mean, mean what you write

The Title

Brief
Catchy

Simple
Leading

TITLE Make or Break part Says a lot about your research project

TITLE Formulated before the start of the research It may be revised and refined later if there is a need

TITLE
It must be brief and concise as possible. Avoid the terms a study of, an analysis of, an investigation of, etc.

Examples
The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)

Improvements
The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus In vitro antrimicrobial activity of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract

Improvements
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour as an alternative ingredient in breadmaking Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour and commercial flour in breadmaking: a comparative study

Improvements

The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.) Screening of antifungal activity of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.) Characterization of corn (Zea mays L.) resistance against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth: An antifungal study via

Table of Contents

Lists the title of the different parts including the title of each important subdivision with the corresponding page number

Example
Introduction ------------------------------------------------5 Background of the Study ------------------------------5 Statement of the Problem -----------------------------7 Significance of the Study ------------------------------8 Scope and Limitations ----------------------------------9

Abstract

short

concise
250 words max

summary

Abstract

Purpose of the study Brief description of the methods Results Important conclusions

Abstract Purpose of the study An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project. A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.

Abstract
Brief description of the methods A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted. Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation. An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be

Abstract
Results This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn. It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs. Important conclusions

Example - Title

POTENTIAL ANTIANGEONIC PROPERTY OF Cassia alata L. HEXANE EXTRACT ON THE EMBRYONIC BLOOD VESSELS OF DUCK, Anas dometicus EMBRYOS

Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good candidate antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential as an

Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good

Research Plan

Describe the research design (or defend) Provide enough details so that a competent worker can repeat the experiments

Research Plan Treatments / General Procedures

Materials and Equipment

Research Plan

Materials and Equipment

Overview of the Experiment Population/Sample location Restrictions/Limiting conditions Sampling technique Materials

Research Plan

Treatment / General Procedures

Procedures Variables

/ Groups Statistical Treatment

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan Past Tense, active or passive voice. Third Person perspective. Clear and not too wordy Include only what is necessary for one recreating the experiment to know.

Example:
...the weighing out of the agarose was undertaken until 5g was measured out and the agarose was then later added to the Solution...

Example:

...5g agarose was added to the solution...

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

Materials and equipment utilized during the experiment should be mentioned throughout the procedure as they are used.

Example

Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Leaves and Fruit Extract: Its Antibacterial Effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enteritidis

WRONG!
Materials and Equipment Distilled Water Kamias fruits (Sample) Blender Cheesecloth Bottles Refrigerator

CORRECT
Materials and Equipment Preparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

For materials, include the exact specifications and quantities. Avoid the use of trade names use chemical, generic, or scientific names.

WRONG!
Materials and Equipment Kamias fruits were collected from the farm. Wilkins Distilled water was used to wash the fruits. Using a blender, the fruits were ground.

CORRECT
Materials and Equipment Preparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

Do not explain too much about why you have used a certain method. You can put these explanations into your Results section.

Example

One kilogram of Kamias

leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.

WRONG!

Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.

CORRECT

Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

Be precise. If something was heated or cooled, give the temperature. How or how much should be answered in your methods.

CORRECT

One kilogram of Kamias

leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. All of the resulting Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

Do not include any results. Make use of figures and tables, they are the most efficient way to convey bulky detailed information.

Research Plan

Materials and Equipment Treatment and General Procedures

Materials and Equipment

Study Site Preparation of Extracts Preparation of Test Organisms

Materials and Equipment

Study Site This study was conducted at the Department of Science and Technology - Zamboanga City. The specimens of E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis were obtained at the Department of Science and Technology

Materials and Equipment

Preparation of Extracts Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.

Materials and Equipment

Preparation of Test Organisms The test organisms namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis were taken from pure cultures using spread method, and were provided by the DOST-Zamboanga City. The laboratory officer-in-charge assisted the researchers in spreading the bacteria from pure cultures to two test tubes filled with nutrient agar. These test tubes were incubated at 35.5 degrees centigrade for 24 hours.

Treatment and General Procedures

Preparation of Treatments The different concentrations of the leaves and fruits extracts were prepared and they were named :Treatment A - 100% water served (negative control); Treatment B 100% Kamias leaves extract; Treatment C - 50% Distilled water and 50% Kamias leaves extract; Treatment D 100% antibiotic (positive control); Treatment E - 100% Kamias fruit extract and; Treatment F - 50% Distilled water and 50% Kamias fruit extract.

Treatment and General Procedures

Microbiological Assay ... With the use of syringe, 0.5 mL of each bacterial specimen was transferred to its corresponding petri dish. The specimens were spread evenly using cotton buds

Treatment and General Procedures

Statistical Analyses This study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics in analyzing and interpreting the data. Mean was chosen as the measure of central tendency. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffes Test were conducted to analyze and interpret the results.

Introduction
Informs the reader of the problem under study Sets the scene for the project

Introduction
Background

of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature

Background of the Study

1
2 3

Warm-up Introduce the problem

Statement Scope / Limits

Purpose Challenge the readers

Background of the Study

1
2 3

Warm-up Introduce the problem

Statement Scope / Limits

Purpose Challenge the readers

Background of the Study

1
2 3

Warm-up Introduce the problem

Statement Scope / Limits

Purpose Challenge the readers

Background of the Study

1
2 3

Warm-up Introduce the problem

Statement Scope / Limits

Purpose Challenge the readers

Statement of the Problem

This is one of the most important parts of a research report. This is the focus of the study and all questions should be categorically answered.

Statement of the Problem

Statement of the Problem
Specific Questions Specific Questions

Significance of the Study

Contributions may be viewed from the point of the target beneficiaries like the researcher himself, service providers, client, implementors, the community, etc.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study could help them realize . . . The useful and relevant information acquired from the study will encourage them to continue . . . The study will encourage them to . . .

Significance of the Study

This study will enhance involvement in the . . . Results could help benefit . . . It will also serve as basis in the study of . . .

Significance of the Study

This study will also afford the management to know .. Similar organizations will benefit from the study in Researches may find the study useful as

Significance of the Study

This study will contribute to The results hopefully, will be of value to Through this study, students will become aware of The results of this study will provide some insights and information on how they The findings may also serve as a guide to

Scope and Limitations

Scope = coverage
Subjects facilities Objectives

samples

Time frame

area

issues

Scope
The study will focus on The coverage of this study . The study covers the The study focuses on It includes It is concerned with .. The study consists of

Scope and Limitations Limitations = constraints

Not within the control of the researchers Not covered by the study

Limitations
This study is limited to The study does not cover . The investigators limited this research to It does not seek to include

REVIEW OF RELATED LIT AND STUDIES

THE REVIEW
Last part of the Introduction

THE REVIEW
It aims to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial. This part provides the investigator a background regarding the aspects which have been studied and not yet studied.

THE REVIEW
The researcher compares between what should be read and included in the study and what should not be read. The investigator is required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to the study.

THE REVIEW

conceptual

Readings, concepts, etc Studies, findings, etc

RRL
research

THE REVIEW

In research writing, review of related Literature is divided into two parts.

(1) Related Readings and Literature

(Conceptual)

(2) Related Studies

(Research)

WHY DO WE REVIEW?
Tell me why...

WHY DO WE REVIEW?
Eliminate reinventing the wheel Reveals gaps in knowledge Provide basis for research design Places your study in perspective Evaluate various studies

HOW DO WE REVIEW?
No to in toto

HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme. It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words. The final product will be a synthesis a smooth blending of selected articles built around the key words of your study.

HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme. It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words. The final product will be a synthesis a smooth blending of selected articles built around the key words of your study.

WHAT WILL WE REVIEW?

Sources of Data

SOURCES OF DATA

Primary
Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures, Conferences, the like

Secondary
Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like

SOURCES OF DATA

Journals

Current,

hot, popular Written by experts who have done research Focused

SOURCES OF DATA

Journals

Current,

hot, popular Written by experts who have done research Focused

SOURCES OF DATA

ScienceDirect BioMed Central PubMed PNAS

SOURCES OF DATA

Plos Biology Landes Bioscience Springer (SpringerLink) Phil Journ Sci Phil Agri Sci Science Diliman

SOURCES OF DATA
Primary

Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures, Conferences, the like

Secondary
Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like

THE library

SOURCES OF DATA

Books

In-depth

coverage Written by specialists/scientists Some are not current Logically and coherently arranged

SOURCES OF DATA

Encyclopedia

Answers

specific factual questions Written by specialists/scientists Some are not current

THE internet

SOURCES OF DATA

The internet is a convenient and easy source of info but there is a need to assess the reliability of the sources.

How does information get onto the Web anyway?

1994 1995 - most of the information on the internet was posted by scientists, educators, students and the government. Later - commercial use of the Web has exploded and so has the posting of hobby pages or personal home pages.

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Wikipedia
Is

a wiki site Maintained by the public Questionable reliability in some articles

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Posts by educational groups

High

school projects College projects

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Info by the Government

Statistics Studies

www.dost.gov.ph www.denr.gov.ph

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Non-profit organizations provide information relevant to their key issues.

greenpeace.org

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Full-text versions of works whose copyright has expired

BUT, why do we sometimes find it difficult to search the net?

Why?

Whats missing?
The problem is not that of "finding anything" but finding a particular thing. When your search term in one of the popular search engines brings back 130,000 hits, you still wonder if the one thing you're looking for will be among them.

Whats missing?

Copyrighted books

Most journal articles

magazines

newspapers

summaries

How to search?

Learn how search syntax works

Search

Help

Use Advanced Search

File

type Date Country, etc.

Search Syntax

Use marks.

Example:

air pollution vs. air pollution Example: botox vs. Botox

Advanced Search

Very useful, saves time, more refined search

Different in journal databases and in search engines (Google, etc.)

Search Syntax

Use filetype:pdf
journals

Scientific free

Descriptors

Found below the abstract of journal articles

Help you search for similar documents

SOURCES OF DATA Reading critically Reasoning analytically

Should be done whether the materials they use are in print or electronic