nanobots

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BY: KAUSHAL MANDAL MADHURIMA BHATTACHARYYA MOUSAM3/9/13 HOSSAIN

What is a Nanobot?
A nanotechnological robot

nanomachine, also called a nanite.

A mechanical or electromechanical

device whose dimensions are measured in nanometers (millionths of a millimeter, or units of 10^-9 meter).
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Introduction & Prospects

Nanomachines are largely in the

research-and-development phase, but some primitive devices have been tested.

An example is a sensor having a switch

approximately 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample.

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A Bit Of History:
According to Richard Feynman, his

former graduate student Albert Hibbs had originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a medical use for Feynman's theoretical micromachines.
Hibbs suggested that certain repair

machines might one day be reduced to so small a size that it would, in theory, be possible to "swallow the doctor".
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Some Basic Features of Nanobots:

*Diameter of .5 to 3 microns *Mainly made out of carbon *Passive diamond coating *Power Metabolizing local glucose and oxygen

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Various application fields :

1.Cancer treatment :
Nanobots swim through the bloodstream,find the malignant tumor, and zap it cell by cell with laser until it is They completely removed. are noninvasive and nonBenefits over traumatic compared conventional to chemotherapy, procedures: as simple as getting 3/9/13

2.Artificial Blood :

In future,human blood could be replaced with trillions of nanobots (known as Respirocytes)distribute d throughout the bodys vasculature. .Respirocytes will act as artificial RBC,carrying O2 and CO2 molecules Benefits Over body through theRBC :

100% of O2 stored in them is accessible to the tissues whereas only 25% is accessable in case of RBC.
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They can duplicate natural RBC function indefinitely if the patient is breathing and for 3/9/13
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Continued By infusing the largest possible number of respirocytes (nearly 900 trillion devices ) in the bloodstream one could hold breath for 3.8 hours, at the normal resting metabolic rate which is almost super human!! 3.Studying human brain : Nanobots may be sent to the brain stem painlessly and non-invasively to observe the firing of synapses and other3/9/13
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4.Hearing Aid :

Nanobots can replace damaged hair cells in cochlea thereby helping in hearing.

5.AIDS Treatment :
An effective synthetic immune system comprising of nanobots in place of natural immune cells will help 3/9/13

6.Cure organ senility or tissue damage :

Nanobots can be made to swim to the affected area, perform microsurgery and slowly repair damaged tissue.
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7. Nanobots can

identify harmful pathogens and other toxins in body fluids and destroy them.

8.Nanobots can help

clear plaque in blood vessels and thus
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Other functions :
Use large numbers of them to perform engineering tasks
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Converting trash and waste to beneficial products.

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Building extra small computer circuits.

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Mouthwash. Skincream .
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Nanobots as the artificial Robert blood: A. Freitas Jr. visualizes a future

"vasculoid" (vascular-like machine) that would replace human blood with some 500 trillion nanorobots distributed throughout the bodys vasculature as a coating. natural red cell function indefinitely if the patient is breathing and for 2 minutes if he is not. augmentation dosage (954 trillion devices in the bloodstream.) one could

One therapeutic dose can duplicate

If treated with the maximum safe

hold

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How does it work?

v THE ARTIFICIIAL

RESPIROCYTES
Hollow, spherical

nanomedical device of I micron diameter

built of 18 billion

precisely arranged structural atoms

artificial red blood cells three main storage
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Working: (cont..)
Molecular sorting rotors and other

subsystems work somewhat like a variety of biological motor systems such as bacteria flagella.
Each powerplant develops 0.3

picowatts of power. That's enough energy to fill the oxygen tank in 10 seconds from empty, a pumping rate of 100 million molecules/sec.
Power is transmitted mechanically or

hydraulically and is distributed with 3/9/13

Respirocytes vs RBC
The average male human body has

28.5 trillion red blood cells, each containing 270 million hemoglobin molecules binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin.
However, since hemoglobin normally

operates between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), only 25% of stored oxygen is accessible to the 3/9/13 tissues.

Yes. Absolutely.

Are They Safe?

Preliminary tests show

that diamondoid surfaces are very biocompatible.

A simple analysis of

likely radiation damage suggests that the average respirocyte should last about 20 years before failing.
The 7.3 picowatts of

continuous thermal

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I IT R L E A H IC T N R H U C F E T

S E

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INTEGRATED NANOELECTRODES
for nanoparticale detection
Electrodes can be

fabricated with electron beam lithography to have precisely gaped and shaped electrodes.
Connection of these

electrodes could indicate presence of a specific compound.

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Optical Antennas for Nano-photonic Applications

EBL is used to

Fractals enhance the

antennas effect by maximizing Frensel zones

create metallic nanostructure s that and detect specific wavelengths of light via the photoelectric effects.. 3/9/13

Such antennas can detect light, and

could be used by nanobots to seek cells or viruses tagged with quantum dots.
Also, they could be used to communicate

with other nanobots, or a controller external to the body.

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Electron Beam Nanolithograpgy

Beams of electrons can etch a substrate By ionizing atoms into a reactive ions

which can be reacted away, a pattern is made.

This technique can create objects on the

nano-scale
Whereas conventional photolithography

has a threshold of 200 nanometers.

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NUCLEIC ACID ROBOTS(NUBOTS):

Nubots are

organic molecular machines at nanoscale

These nano-

devices create sensors that could detect specific genes 3/9/13 and DNA

An emerging technological trend

In the same ways that technology

development has space race and nuclear arms race, a race for nanorobots is occurring.
Large corporations, such as

General Electric, Hewlett-Packard and Northrop Grumman have been recently working in the development and research of 3/9/13 nanorobots.

Cont..

Surgeons are getting involved and

proposing ways to apply nanorobots for common medical procedures. Universities and research institutes were granted funds by the government exceeding $2 billion towards research developing nanodevices for medicine. with the intent to acquire beforehand rights and royalties on future nanorobots commercialization.

Bankers are also strategically investing

Some aspects of nanorobot litigation

3/9/13 and related issues linked to monopoly

Concern!
v Used as biological

weapons

v Mind control v Are nanobots alive? v Potential problems in the

environment and ecosystems superhuman?

v What if people become

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Grey Goo :

It is a hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario in which out-of-control self-replicating robots consume all matter on Earth while building more of themselves
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It is often used in a futuristic or science fiction context, as the required technologies do not yet existIt .
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Conclusion :
The promises made by nanotechnology sound

great, maybe even unbelievable, dont they?

But reasearchers say that within twenty years

nanotechnology will advance greatly, and may be fully capable of producing tiny complex machines.
The old dreams of expanding our biosphere

beyond our one vulnerable planet suddenly look feasible once more.

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