Ecology Powerpoint

John Lopp Period 4

Pages 1169-1175

Species with a Large Impact Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control 53.3 Disturbance Influences Species
Disturbances Ecological Succession

Species with a Large Impact

Dominant Species

Highest biomass Invasive species

Species with a Large Impact

Dominant Species Keystone Species

May not be abundant Strong control over community

Species with a Large Impact

100 Otter number (% max. count)

80
60 40 20 0

(a) Sea otter abundance

400 Grams per 0.25 m2 300 200 100 0

(b) Sea urchin biomass

Number per 0.25 m2

10 8 6 4 2 0 1972 1985 1989 Year 1993 1997 Food chain after killer whales started preying on otters

Figure 53.17

Food chain before killer whale involvement in chain

(c) Total kelp density

Species with a Large Impact

Dominant Species Keystone Species Foundation Species

Ecosystem Engineers Facilitators for other species

Control Models

Bottom-Up and Top-Down model

Arrows show change in biomass Letters are Trophic Levels

V = Vegetation I.

H = Herbivores II. III.

VH

VH

VH

Control Models

Bottom-Up and Top-Down model

Bottom-Up model Nutrients Vegetation Herbivore Predators Top-Down Model N V H P

Also called the Trophic Cascade Model

Control Models
Bottom-Up and Top-Down model Biomanipulation
Use of models can Help fight pollution

Polluted State Fish Abundant Restored State Rare

Zooplankton

Rare

Abundant

Algae

Abundant

Rare

Disturbances and Species

Disturbances

Changes community or removes organisms High Disturbance is high intensity and high frequency Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Disturbances and Species

Disturbances Human Disturbance

Disturbances and Species

Disturbances Human Disturbance Ecological Succession

How areas are colonized Primary vs Secondary succession

Succession in Glacier Bay, Alaska

Changes in plant community and soil nitrogen

60 50 40 Soil nitrogen (g/m2) 30 20 10 0 Pioneer

(a) Pioneer stage, with fireweed dominant

(b) Dryas stage

Dryas

Alder

Spruce (c) Spruce stage

Successional stage

Figure 53.24ad

(d) Nitrogen fixation by Dryas and alder increases the soil nitrogen content.

Question 1
Which of the following would best be considered a high disturbance environment
a) b) c) d) e)

A tropical region with a recent volcanic eruption An arctic tundra with regular northern lights A lake with a chemical waste dump upstream An ocean floor with a manmade fiberglass cable A river delta with biannual flooding

Question 2
Which of the following species is least likely to be a foundation species?
a)

b)
c) d) e)

A species of large elephant capable of uprooting trees A species of prairie dog that digs elaborate tunnel networks A species of bear that hunts salmon and defecates on land A species of jaguar with a widely varied diet A species of vine that grows in the jungle canopy connecting tree limbs

Question 3
For the given unconventional trophic cascade model, which observations is false?
a) b) c) d)

An increase in killer whales would impact the sea urchin population A decrease in kelp would impact the sea urchin population The sea otter population is limited by killer whale trophic level The kelp population is limited by sea urchin trophic level