ALGORITHMS AND DATA STRUCTURES

7th Feb, 2013

Lecture No. 1

Books to Follow

Data Structure using C and C++ by Aaron Tanenbaum, Yedidyah Langsam An introduction to Data Structures with Applications by Jean-Paul Tremblay, Paul G. Sorenson. Data Structures and Program Design in C++ by Robert L. Kruse,Alexander J. Ryba Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C by Mark Allan Weises.

Grading

Grading
Quiz

/ Assignment 1st Sessional 2nd Sessional Final Exam

25% 10% 15% 50%

Late Policy: Assignments will not be accepted later than the deadline.

Plagiarism Policy

Any assignment found 30% or more copied from the internet will be marked 0 (ZERO). Any assignment copied from the class mate will also be marked 0 (ZERO). No consideration will be made regarding plagiarized assignments.

Attendance Policy

Any student late in class by 15 min shall be marked absent.

Introduction to Data Structure

A data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently

What is Data Structure?

Data structure is a representation of data and the operations allowed on that data. A data structure is a way to store and organize data in order to facilitate the access and modifications. Data Structure is the method of representing logical relationships between individual data elements related to the solution of a given problem.

Fundamental Data Structures

Basic Data Structures Linear Data Structures

Array s Linked Lists Stack s Queue s

Non-Linear Data Structures

Graphs Tree s Hash Tables

Linear Data Structures

A data structure is said to be linear if its elements form a sequence or a linear list. Examples:
Arrays

Linked
Stacks

Lists

Queues

Non-Linear Data Structures

A data structure is said to be non-linear if its elements does not form a sequence or a linear list. Examples:
Trees
Graphs Hash

Tables

Each element may be connected with two or more other nodes or items in a non-linear arrangement.

Diagrammatic Representation of Data Structures

array

Linked list

tree

queue stack

Operations on Data Structures

Traversal: Travel through the data structure Search: Traversal through the data structure for a given element Insertion: Adding new elements to the data structure Deletion: Removing an element from the data structure Sorting: Arranging the elements in some type of order Merging: Combining two similar data structures into one

Linear Data Structures

Arrays Linked List Stacks Queues

Arrays

A sequence of n items of the same data type that are stored contiguously in computer memory and made accessible by specifying a value of the arrays index. Properties: fixed length (need preliminary reservation of memory) contiguous memory locations direct a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] a[0] access a[9] Insert/delete
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Array a with 10 integer elements

Linked List

A sequence of zero or more nodes each containing two kinds of information: some data and one or more links called pointers to other nodes of the linked list. Properties

dynamic length arbitrary memory locations access by following links Insert/delete

Stacks

A stack is a data structure that uses last-in, firstout (LIFO) ordering and allows reading and writing on the top element only. Properties
insertion/deletion can be done only at the top LIFO

Two operations
Push Pop

Queues

Collection with access only to the item that has been present the longest Properties
Insertion/enqueue from the rear (back) and deletion/ dequeue from the front. FIFO

Two operations
Enqueue Dequeue

Front

20

30

10

60

57

29

Back

Non-Linear Data Structures

Graphs Trees Hash Tables

Graphs

A graph consists of an interconnected set of data items.

Graph

Trees

A Tree is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. Properties of trees

Root Node Child Node Parent Node Leave Node

Examples?

Abstract Data Type - ADT

Abstract Data Types (ADTs) stores data and allow various operations on the data to access and change it.

ADT and Data Structure

An ADT is a mathematical model, together with various operations defined on the model

Data Structures

Physical implementation of an ADT

data structures used in implementations are provided in a language (primitive or built-in) or are built from the language constructs (user-defined) Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by one or more subroutines in the implementation

Abstract Data Type

ADTs support abstraction, encapsulation, and information hiding. Abstraction is the structuring of a problem into welldefined entities by defining their data and operations. The principle of hiding the used data structure and to only provide a well-defined interface is known as encapsulation.

The Core Operations of ADT

Every Collection ADT should provide a way to:

add an item remove an item find, retrieve, or access an item

Many, many more possibilities

is the collection empty make the collection empty give me a sub set of the collection

Algorithm
An algorithm is a well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that, when executed, produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time.

Important features
well-ordered

unambiguous

and effectively computable produces a result halts in a finite amount

Representation
natural

languages, pseudo code, flowcharts, programming languages

Analysis of algorithm

To analyse an algorithm the most important factors is to calculate resources needed for running the algorithm.

Resources means computer memory, processing time, logic gates, etc

complexity computing time Space complexity storage requirements
Time

Summary

A data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Linear Data Structures

Arrays , Linked List Stacks , Queues Graphs , Trees , Hash Tables

Non Linear Data Structures

Abstract data types Algorithm