Data Network Signals

Chapter 4

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Learning Objectives
Comprehend how
Encoding and modulation generate voice and data signals Analog and digital signals are generated and converted from one to the other

Detail the differences between baseband and broadband communications Define broadband networking categories such as CATV and DOCSIS
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Learning Objectives
Explain POTS and other technologies using the PSTN Understand high-speed networking technologies such as ATM, FDDI, ISDN, and xDSL Understand the place of T-carrier and Ecarrier systems within the public copperbased digital hierarchy
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Understanding Data Network Signals

Data Communications
Data transmission over a medium Hardware DTE and DCE Simplex vs. Duplex transmission
Simplex Half-Duplex and Full Duplex

Echoplex used in older modem-based programs

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DTEs and DCEs on a Network

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Transmission Modes
Parallel Transmission
Byte-at-a-time transmission Approximately 8 times faster than serial Distance limits and crosstalk

Serial Transmission
Bit-at-a-time transmission Used for almost all other local devices and for network communication
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Signal Formats
Can be AC or DC Signal is superimposed on a carrier signal Amplitude characteristics
Peak Peak-to-peak Average Root Mean Square (RMS)

Waveforms sine (analog) and square (digital) Wavelength distance between corresponding points in a contiguous cycle
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Analog Signals
Also known as waveform Maximum and minimum values as a range between points Characterized by
Amplitude (volume) Frequency (pitch) Phase (starting time)

Expressed in volts or amperes (amps)

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Sine Wave, Digital Signal, Noise

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Digital Signals
Discrete (binary) values 0 or 1 Possible values determined by number of bits in a transmission unit (usually 8) Signal change is in volts: +/- 5v = 1, 0v = 0

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Encoding Methods
Digital-to-Digital Encoding
Unipolar Polar Non-Return to Zero RS-232 uses NRV-L Return to Zero Manchester Ethernet standard Differential Manchester

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Encoding Methods
Analog-to-Digital Encoding
Quantization Analog to Digital (ADC), also called sampling Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

Digital-to-Analog Encoding
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) Frequency shift keying (FSK) Phase shift keying (PSK)
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Analog-to-Digital Encoding

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Frequency Shift Keying

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Phase Shift Keying

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Encoding Methods
Analog-to-Analog Encoding
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

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Modem Communications
Modem from modulation and demodulation Digital zeroes and ones are converted to distinct constant pitches Compression algorithms allow transmission in excess of 600 bits per second (bps) Error correction uses data frame breakdown and cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

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Modem Communications

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Fax Machines
Three groups
Group 1 Original, slow Group 2 Uses modem to transmit digitally Group 3 Current standard, 14.4 Kbps

Fax modem classes

Class 1 Software-based processing Class 2 Relieves CPU of most processing Class 3 Proposed design
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Digital Circuit Communication

What is a circuit?
Closed path for electrical flow Logical data stream between hosts

Two concepts
Switched or dedicated access Point-to-point or multipoint

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Digital Circuit Communication

Switched circuit
Dial-up telephone connection as a example Telephone equipment establishes connection

Dedicated Circuit
Also called dedicated or leased line Permanent connection Fixed monthly cost

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Digital Circuit Communication

Point-to-point Circuit
Connects two devices Switched or dedicated Specialized hardware manages connection

Multipoint Circuit
Telco-provided connection between more than two devices Also uses dedicated lines
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Digital Circuit Communication

Baseband
Uses one carrier frequency to sends digital signals without frequency change Also called narrowband

Broadband
Analog communication strategy Uses multiple channels divided by guard bands Used by cable television, DSL, and others Multiplexing as a core concept
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Baseband vs. Broadband

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Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Takes advantage of open signal time

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Divides frequency range into channels

Dense Wavelength Multiplexing

Optical method for individual wavelengths Also called Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)

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Time Division Multiplexing

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Community Antenna Television (CATV)

Designed to overcome distance limits for television Picks up signal for distribution over cable to local subscribers Originally offered standard and premium television content Now offers Internet, alarm, and telephone services
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DOCSIS
Data over Cable Service Interface Specification Interface specifications for interoperability for data-over-cable products Current standard is 2.0 DOCSIS-compliant modems are identified as Cable Labs Certified
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Telephony and Broadband Networking

Advanced modulation systems allow standard copper lines to provide several times current capacity Telephone lines can easily provide broadband access Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and xDSL

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DSL and xDSL

Standard frequencies between 300 and 3000 Hz Analog signals use only part of available capacity xDSL uses the excess for high-speed data Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is most common
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DSL and xDSL

ADSL provides high downstream and low upstream speeds DSL is provided via
Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs)

G.Lite / DSL-Lite
Uses high- or low-pass filters to segregate voice and data frequencies
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ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network Digital transmission over telephone wiring Alternative to leased lines Intended to handle voice, data, and fax ISDN Rates
BRI PRI

Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN)

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T-Carrier and E-Carrier Systems

Voice-grade analog telephone signal is 3.1 KHz Similar data-grade circuit (or DS0) transmits at 64 Kbps DS0 is the basic unit of digital telephony 24 DS0 channels provide a 1.544 Mbps T1 circuit Analog signals are sampled and converted to produce 64-Kbps rate
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Anatomy of a Leased T-1 Line

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T-Carrier and E-Carrier Systems

T-1s connect company branches to each other, and ISPs to the Internet Multiple T-1s form a T-3 line, data rate of 44.736 Mbps E-1 European equivalent to T- 1 Carries 32 T-0s, transmission rate is 2.048 Mbps Japanese hierarchy is based on J-carriers
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T-Carrier and E-Carrier Systems

Fractional T-1/E-1 Fractional line, fractional performance, fractional cost One or more 64-Kbps channels 23 B channels, one 64-Kbps D channel called PRI ISDN

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PDH
Mid-Range Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy T-carrier problem with demand for bandwidth needing more multiplexing stages Result was an asynchronous hierarchy with small timing differences PDH uses
Bit justification Separate clocking signals Switching
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PDH
Easier gateway implementation between carriers Many problems with PDH Lack of flexibility Propagation delays Absence of consistent management standards
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SONET/SDH
Synchronous Optical Network Initial field trials in the late 1980s SONET is North American, SDH is European Provide much better network than PSTN

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SONET/SDH
Base channel called OC-1, 51.84 Mbps Uses wavelength division multiplexing Providers lease trunk and fiber-optic combinations A connection might use many circuit grades, routing, multiplexing schemes

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FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface ANSI developed FDDI in the mid-1980s CDDI is FDDI over twisted-pair copper Both use counter-rotating dual-ring architecture for redundancy Data rates of 100 Mbps, distances about 100 meters
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FDDI Technology

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ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode Carries voice, video, and data in 53-byte cells Standardization Includes rules for handling transmission over private LANs via optical links or through LAN emulation (ATM LANE)
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ATM
Runs over SONET Also a protocol for sharing transmission resources Uses asynchronous multiplexing ATM Forum is responsible for ATM-related documentation and standards FORE Systems (now Marconi) instrumental in developing ATM products
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Chapter Summary
Signals often categorized as voice or data Both are generated through encoding and modulation Conversion between analog and digital is common Codec analog-to-digital converter Baseband uses medias full range or multiplexes with other signals
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Chapter Summary
Ethernet widely-used baseband technology Broadband xDSL and DOCSIS Voice communications use POTS and PSTN T-carriers, E-carriers, and SONET provide higher speed bandwidth Shared data networks are being replaced by xDSL, ISDN, ATM, and FDDI
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