01 WCDMA RAN Fundamental ISSUE 1.1

WCDMA RAN Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the development of 3G Outline the advantage of CDMA principle Characterize code sequence Outline the fundamentals of RAN Describe feature of wireless propagation
Page2
Contents
1. 2. 3.
3G Overview CDMA Principle WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4.
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Page3
Contents
1. 2. 3.
4.
Page4
Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS TACS NMT Others
2G 1990s Digital
GSM
Technologies drive
3G IMT-2000
CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC
UMTS WCDMA
Demands drive
cdma 2000 TDSCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page5
Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS TACS NMT Others
2G 1990s Digital
GSM
Technologies drive
3G IMT-2000
CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC
UMTS WCDMA
Demands drive
cdma 2000 TDSCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first proposed in 1985 and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000 Work band : around 2000MHz The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
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3G Spectrum Allocation
Page8
Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different

1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA) 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan) 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia) ...
Frequency channel number central frequency5, for main band:

UL frequency channel number 9612 9888 DL frequency channel number : 10562 10838
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3G Application Service
Error Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP RTT: cdma2000
CDMA
TD-SCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS RTT: TD-SCDMA
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Contents
1. 2. 3.
4.
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
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Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA
Power
cy en qu Fre
Power
T im
CDMA
Tim
qu Fre
en
cy
Power
Time
ncy Freque
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD) Time division duplex (TDD)
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Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD
UL
USER 1
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL UL DL DL UL
USER 2 USER 1
TDD
Frequency
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Contents
1. 2. 3.
4.
Page17
WCDMA Network Architecture

CN
RNS RNC Iur Core Network CS Iu-CS PS Iu-PS RNS RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B CS Iu-CS PS Iu-PS
UTRAN
Iub Node B
Iub Node B
Uu
UE
WCDMA Network Version Evolution

MBMS HSUPA
GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT
CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT
IMS HSDPA
3GPP Rel6
3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel99
3GPP Rel4
2000
2001
2002
2005
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WCDMA Network Version Evolution
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
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Uu Interface protocol structure

GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC C-plane signaling control Nt DC U-plane information UuS boundary
control
control
RRC
control control
L3
PDCP PDCP BMC
L2/PDCP L2/BMC L2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC
RLC
RLC
MAC PHY
L2/MAC L1
General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other.
Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol
Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Control Plane
User Plane Data Stream(s )

Transport Network User Plane
Transport Network Layer
ALCAP(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Signaling Bearer(s)

Physical Layer
Data Bearer(s)
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General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other.
Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol
Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Control Plane
User Plane Data Stream(s )

ALCAP(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Signaling Bearer(s)

Physical Layer
Data Bearer(s)
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Iu-CS Interface
Radio Network Layer
Control Plane RANAP User plane Iu UP
Transport Network Control Plane
ALCAP
SCCP A MTP3-B SAAL NNI B MTP3-B SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM Physical Layer
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Iu-CS Interface Protocol (IP)
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Iu-PS Interface
Radio Network Layer
Control Plane RANAP User plane Iu UP
Transport Network User Plane SCCP MTP3-B
Transport Network User Plane GTP-U C UDP IP AAL Type 5 ATM Physical Layer
SAAL NNI
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Iu-PS Interface Protocol (IP)
Page27
Iub Interface
Radio Network Layer Control Plane NBAP NCP CCP Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network Layer Transport Network User Plane ALCAP Transport Network User Plane User plane Iub FP
SAAL UNI
SAAL UNI ATM Physical Layer
AAL2 PATH
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Iub Interface Protocol (ATM)
Page29
Iub Interface Protocol (IP)
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Iur Interface
Radio Network Layer
Control Plane RANAP User plane Iur Data Stream Transport Network Control Plane
ALCAP
SCCP A MTP3-B SAAL NNI B MTP3-B SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM Physical Layer
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Contents
1. 2. 3.
4.
Page32
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Servic e Signal Source Codin g Channel Coding & Interleaving Spreading Modulation Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Servic e Signal
Source Decodin g
Channel Decoding Despreadin & Deinterleaving g
Demodulatio n
Reception
Receiver
Page33
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
CODEC
Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR) AMR_10.20 10.2 AMR_7.95 7.95 AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR) AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR) AMR_5.90 5.9 AMR_5.15 5.15 AMR_4.75 4.75
A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the RAN depending on the system load and quality of the speech connections
Video Phone Service
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain
Includes: video codec, speech codec, data protocols, multiplexing and etc. Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page34

Transmitter
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Servic e Signal
Source Decodin g
Demodulatio n
Reception
Receiver
Page35
WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected errors left after error correction.
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of block coding.
Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding and they are checked after the channel decoding.
Page36
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Turbo Coding (1/3)

Code Block of N Bits No Coding Uncoded N bits Coded 2N+16 bits Coded 3N+24 bits Coded 3N+12 bits
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1/2 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Turbo Coding
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error

Input bits Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with 0100 more0delay 0 0 1
1 1 ... ... 1 1 1 ... ... 1 1 1 ... ... 1 1 1 ... ... 1
... 1011
1 1 ... ... 1 1 1 ... ... 1
1 ... ... 1 1 1 ... ... 1 1
Interleaving periods: 20, 40, or 80 ms
Inter-column permutation
00010100101 1
Output bits
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bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Servic e Signal
Source Decodin g
Demodulatio n
Reception
Receiver
Page39
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
C1 C2
Identical and Orthogonal signals: +1

-1 +1 -1 +1
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
Correlation = 1 Identical signals
C1 C2
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1
-1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1
Correlation = 0 Orthogonal signals
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1: UE2: 1 1 1 1
C1 : 1 1 C2 : 1 1 UE1c1 1 1 UE2c2 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
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Orthogonal Code Usage Decoding

UE1C1 UE2C2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 Dispreading result: 0 Integral judgment: 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2
0 2
4 (means 1) 4 (means
UE2 Dispreading by c2:
1 1 1 1 1 1
Page42
Copyright 2008 1 1 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f)
f Narrowband signal
f Broadband signal
P(f) f Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal P(f)
Signal Combination
Noise+Broadband signal P(f) f
Spreading code
Page43
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

Eb / No = Ec / No PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No Requireme nt
Max allowed interference
Processing Gain
Max interference caused by UE and others
Interference from other UE
Echip
Page44
Process Gain
Process Gain
chip rate Pr ocess Gain = 1 log( 1 ) bit rate
Process gain differs for each service. If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
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Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data symbol
Chips after spreading
channelization
scrambling
Page46
WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as channelization code

Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1) Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
Page47
WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer Speech 12.2 UL Data 64 kbps UL Data 128 kbps UL Data 144 kbps UL Data 384 kbps UL SF Radio bearer SF 128 32 16 16 8 64 Speech 12.2 DL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 8 8 4 Data 128 kbps DL Data 144 kbps DL Data 384 kbps DL
Page48
Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one UE
Page49
Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs in one carrier
Page50
Scrambling Code

Scrambling code: GOLD sequence. There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
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Primary Scrambling Code Group

Group 0 Primary scrambling code 0 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 8 Primary scrambling code 8*63
Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels
Group 1 Group 63
Primary scrambling code 8*63 +7
512 primary scrambling codes
64 primary scrambling code groups
Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes

Page52
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code Channelization code 1 User 1 signal Channelization code 2 User 2 signal Channelization code 3 User 3 signal
NodeB
Page53
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1 Channelization code User 1 signal Scrambling code 2 Channelization code User 2 signal Scrambling code 3 Channelization code User 3 signal
NodeB
Page54

bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Servic e Signal
Source Decodin g
Demodulatio n
Reception
Receiver
Page55
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted: Digital Input
0
time
Basic steady radio wave: carrier = A.cos(2Ft+) Amplitude Shift Keying: A.cos(2Ft+ )
Frequency Shift Keying: A.cos(2Ft+ )
Phase Shift Keying: A.cos(2Ft+)

Page56
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK

1
1 0 1
1
Digital Input
10
Information signal
t
NRZ coding
1 -1
High Frequency Carrier
Carrier
fo
10
BPSK Waveform
=0 = =0
Modulated BPSK signal BPSK
Page57
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK

1 NRZ Input I di-Bit Stream Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 2 1 3 -1 -1 1 4 1 5 -1 -1 1 6 1 7 1 1 -1 8 -1 9 -1 -1 -1 10 -1
I Component Q Component
QPSK Waveform 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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10
Modulation Overview
A NRZ coding Acos( ot) I(t)
fo
90o
QPSK
NRZ coding A
Q(t) Acos( ot + /2)
Q S :A 2 co + ) PK s( o
1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 /4 7/4 3/4 5/4
Page59
Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,1
-1,1 1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Page60
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting abilities in air interface

R99/R4: QPSK HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM
Page61

Transmitter
Servic e Signal Source Codin g Channe l Coding Spreading Modulation Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Servic e Signal
Source Decodin g
Channel Decodin g
Despreadin g
Demodulatio n
Reception
Receiver
Page62
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss: Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received Signal
Time
Page63
Propagation of Radio Signal

2 0 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Signal at Transmitter
dBm
Signal at Receiver
dB
Fading
Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading Fast Fading
Page65
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication Increase the coverage and capacity
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Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
Space diversity Polarization diversity
Page67
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle UTRAN Voice Coding UTRAN Channel Coding UTRAN Spreading Code UTRAN Scrambling Code UTRAN Modulation UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Page69
Thank you
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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3G Overview CDMA Principle WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3G Overview CDMA Principle WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Different Service, Different Technology

CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC

cdma 2000 TDSCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

Different Service, Different Technology

CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC

cdma 2000 TDSCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bands WCDMA Used

1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

Supplementary bands: different country maybe different

Frequency channel number central frequency5, for main band:

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3G Overview CDMA Principle WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Frequency division duplex (FDD) Time division duplex (TDD)

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3G Overview CDMA Principle WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Architecture

WCDMA Network Version Evolution

GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT

CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Version Evolution

MBMS is introduced HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Uu Interface protocol structure

L2/PDCP L2/BMC L2/RLC

RLC RLC RLC

General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface

User Plane Data Stream(s )

Transport Network Layer

ALCAP(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Signaling Bearer(s)

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface

User Plane Data Stream(s )

Transport Network Layer

ALCAP(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Signaling Bearer(s)