To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition by Render, Stair, and Hanna Power Point slides created by Brian Peterson
distribution of goods from several points of supply (sources) to a number of points of demand (destinations).
Usually we are given the capacity of goods at each
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Given is a transportation problem with the following cost, supply and demand.
FROM FACTORIES 1 2 3 DEMAND TO WAREHOUSES SUPPLY
A
6 7 4 200
B
8 11 5 100
C
10 11 12 300 150 175 275 600
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Warehouses (Destinations) A
175 Units
2
$4
100 Units
275 Units
$12
300 Units
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destination j.
destination j.
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problem. SOLUTION:
Let Xij = number of units shipped from factory i to
warehouse j,
Where:
i = 1, 2, 3 j = A, B, C
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WAREHOUSE C $10
FACTORY 2
$7
$11
$11
175
FACTORY 3
$4
$5
$12
275
WAREHOUSE REQUIREMENTS
200
100
300
600 Cell representing a source-to-destination (Factory 2 to Warehouse C) shipping assignment that could be made
Table 9.2
Warehouse C demand
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2
3 Demand 200 200
7
4 75 100
11
5
175
11
12
175
275 600
300
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2
3 Demand
175
25 200
7
4 100 100
11
5 150 300
11
12
175
275 600
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technique for moving from an initial feasible solution to an optimal feasible solution. There are two distinct parts to the process:
Testing the current solution to determine if
improvement is possible. Making changes to the current solution to obtain an improved solution.
This process continues until the optimal
solution is reached.
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testing each unused square in the transportation table to see what would happen to total shipping costs if one unit of the product were tentatively shipped on an unused route.
There are five steps in the process.
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This solution is feasible but we need to check to see if it is optimal. Total cost: 4550
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1A
From 1 2 3 Demand
A 6 7
25
To B 8 125 11 175
200
4 200
+
75
5 100
Improvement index = 6 8 + 5 4 = -1
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25
+
125
C 10
150
2
3 Demand
+
200
7
4 200
11
175
11
12 300
175
275
+
75
5 100
Improvement index = 7 4 + 5 8 + 10 11 = -1
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25
+
125
150
2
3 200 Demand
7
4
+
75
11
5 100
175
11
12 300
175
275
200
Improvement index = 11 8 + 10 11 = +2
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3C
From
1 A 6
+
25
To B 8 11
Supply
125 175
C 10
150
2
3 200 Demand
7
4 200
11
175
275
75
5 100
12 300
Improvement index = 12 10 + 8 5 = +5
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To B 8
125
Supply
C 10 11 150 175
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1B
From
1 25 2 3 175 Demand 200 7 4 100 100 300 11 175 5 12 275 A 6
To B 8
125
Supply
C 10 11 150 175
Improvement index = ?
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To B 8
125
Supply
C 10 150
2
3 175 Demand
7
4 100 200
11
175 5 100
11
12 300
175
275
Improvement index = ?
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3
175 Demand
4
100 200
5
100
12
300
275
Improvement index = ?
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A 6
C 10
150
Improvement index = ?
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3
Demand
175
4
200
100
5
100
12
300
275
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MODI is a modified version of the stepping-stone method in which math equations replace the stepping-stone paths. Steps: 1. Develop an initial solution using one of the three methods. 2. Compute ui and vj for each row & column by applying the formula ui + vj = cij to each cell that has an allocation. 3. Compute the cost change, kij, for each empty cell using kij = cij ui vj. 4. Allocate as much as possible to the empty cell that will result in the greatest net decrease in cost according to the steppingstone path. 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until all kij values are positive or zero.
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25
7 4 75 100 11
125
11 175 5 12 300
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VB = 8
To B 8 25
VC = 10
Supply C 10 125 11 175 150 175
U1 = 0
U2 = 1
1 2
A 6 7
11
U3 = -3
3
200 Demand
4
75 200
5
100
12
300
275
ui + vj = cij
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= 6 0 7 = -1 = 7 1 7 = -1 = 11 1 8 = +2 = 12 (-3) 10 = +5
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To B 8
125
Supply
C 10 11 150 175
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VB = ?
To B 8
VC = ?
Supply C 10 125 11 175 150 175
U1 = 0
U2 = ?
1 25 2
A 6 7
11
U3 = ?
3
175 Demand
4
100 200
5
100
12
300
275
ui + vj = cij
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3
Demand
4
200
5
100
12
300
275
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A 6 7 4 200
Given is a transportation problem with the following cost, supply and demand. Find the initial solutions using Northwest Corner, Minimum Cell Cost & VAM method.
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A 6 7 4 200
Find the initial solutions using Northwest Corner, Minimum Cell Cost & VAM method.
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squares or routes in a transportation table solution is less than the number of rows plus the number of columns minus 1. Such a situation may arise in the initial solution or in any subsequent solution. Degeneracy requires a special procedure to correct the problem since there are not enough occupied squares to trace a closed path for each unused route and it would be impossible to apply the stepping-stone method.
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artificially occupied cell. That is, place a zero (representing a fake shipment) in one of the unused squares and then treat that square as if it were occupied. The square chosen must be in such a position as to allow all stepping-stone paths to be closed. There is usually a good deal of flexibility in selecting the unused square that will receive the zero.
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degeneracy in an initial solution. It has three warehouses which supply three major retail customers. Applying the northwest corner rule the initial solution has only four occupied squares To correct this problem, place a zero in an unused square, typically one adjacent to the last filled cell.
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0
100
$2
WAREHOUSE 2
$10
$9
20
$9
120
WAREHOUSE 3
$7
$10
80
$7
80
CUSTOMER DEMAND
100
100
100
300
Table 9.13
after the initial solution stage if the filling of an empty square results in two or more cells becoming empty simultaneously. This problem can occur when two or more cells with minus signs tie for the lowest quantity. To correct this problem, place a zero in one of the previously filled cells so that only one cell becomes empty.
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Paint produced a transportation table that was not degenerate but was not optimal. The improvement indices are: factory A warehouse 2 index = +2 factory A warehouse 3 index = +1 factory B warehouse 3 index = 15 factory C warehouse 2 index = +11
Only route with a negative index
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FACTORY B
50
$15
80
$10
$7
130
FACTORY C
30
$3
$9
50
$10
80
WAREHOUSE REQUIREMENT
150
80
50
280
Table 9.14
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$3
+
$10 50
FACTORY C
30
Table 9.15
This would cause two cells to drop to zero. We need to place an artificial zero in one of these
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multiple optimal solutions. This happens when one or more of the improvement indices is zero in the optimal solution.
This means that it is possible to design alternative
shipping routes with the same total shipping cost. The alternate optimal solution can be found by shipping the most to this unused square using a stepping-stone path.
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maximize profit, a minor change is required in the transportation algorithm. Now the optimal solution is reached when all the improvement indices are negative or zero. The cell with the largest positive improvement index is selected to be filled using a steppingstone path. This new solution is evaluated and the process continues until there are no positive improvement indices.
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which one of the sources is unable to ship to one or more of the destinations.
The problem is said to have an unacceptable or
prohibited route.
route is assigned a very high cost to prevent this route from ever being used in the optimal solution. In a maximization problem, the very high cost used in minimization problems is given a negative sign, turning it into a very bad profit.
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Copyright
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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