Symptom is subjective
Physical sign is objective
Clinical diagnosis = symptoms + signs
Final diagnosis= symptoms + signs +
lab.tests + investigations.
SURFACE LANDMARKS OF THE
HEAD
Nasion
External occipital protuberance
Vertex
Superior nuchal line
Mastoid process of the temporal bone
Zygomatic arch
Superficial temporal artery
Facial artery
Parotid duct
Surface landmarks
Sebaceous cysts
Periorbital hematoma
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
CSF running from the nose
Fracture of the middle cranial fossa
Deep coma
Bruising on the posterior wall of the pharynx
SKULL FRACTURES
Linear skull fractures, the most common type
of skull fracture, occur in 69% of patients with
severe head injury. Usually caused by widely
distributed forces.
In rare cases, a linear fracture can develop and
lengthen as the brain swells, in what is called a
growing fracture.
3. Resuscitation
PRIMARY SURVEY: A B C D E
AIRWAY
HEAD
NECK
THORAX
ABDOMEN
LIMBS
HEAD
LACERATIONS
STEP-OFFS
GCS
PUPILS
CT
NECK
HARD NECK COLLAR
SPINE X RAY
LOCAL TENDERNESS
HEMATOMAS
SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA
THORAX
LACERATIONS, WOUNDS
SUBCUT. EMPHYSEMA
CHEST MOTION
BRUISING
FLAIL CHEST
BS
THORAX
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
NECK VEINS
HEART SOUNDS
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
PULMONARY CONTUSION-
VENTILATION/PERFUSION MISMATCH
Life threatening condition
ABDOMEN
BLUNT TRAUMA:
Hemorrhagic abdomen- internal bleeding
Peritonitic abdomen
WOUNDS:
Penetrating
Perforating
Fracture of the pelvic
bones
External fixation of the
pelvis