TELECOMMUNICATION S AND NETWORKS

Lecture 1

Learning Objectives

Identify major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of telecommunications and Internet technologies. Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business.

Telecommunications

Telecommunication is the use of information transmissio n over significant distances to communicate. The telecommunications industry is responsible for radio, television, voice communications, and broadband services.

Telecommunications

No other industry touches as many technology-related business sectors as telecommunications, which, by definition, encompasses not only the traditional areas of local and long-distance telephone service, but also advanced technology-based services including wireless communications, the Internet, fiber-optics and satellites.

Telecommunications

Telecom is also deeply intertwined with entertainment of all types, including cable TV systems, since cable companies are now aggressively offering local exchange service and high-speed Internet access. The relationship between the telecom and cable sectors has become even more complex as telcos are now selling TV via IP (Internet protocol) services, competing directly against cable for consumers entertainment dollars.

Basic elements of telecommunication

A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always present in some form: Transmitter
Takes

information and converts it to a signal.

Transmission medium
Also

called the "physical channel" that carries the signal. An example of this is the UTP cable. the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable information.

Receiver
Takes

Trends in Telecommunication

Industry Technology Applications

Industry Trends

Towards more competitive vendors, carriers, and network services accelerated by the deregulation and the growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Industry are more ready to pay more for quality and reliability of servers, and they are less price sensitive in areas such as VPN, data security and video conferencing

Technology Trends

Towards extensive use of Internet, digital fiber optic and wireless technologies to create high speed local and global internetworks for voice, data, images, audio and video communications.

Technology

Convergence Network Capacity Mobile Internet Smarter Devices Video Explosion Innovation Globalization

Convergence

The value of converging -- or integrating -data, voice and video communications over a single IP network comes in the improved ability of people to share, discuss and develop ideas with colleagues anywhere in the world. The new standard environment integrates voice mail, global telephone network, directory, presence, unified messaging capability, text-tospeech, conferencing, online phone, address book and more.

Network Capacity

Bandwidth demand is growing almost exponentially. Video is the major contributor, impacting both wireless and broadband networks.

Mobile Internet

This is the next phase of the Internet ubiquitously available, from any device, anywhere and anytime. Content is KING, but content delivery is and will continue to be very critical as well; Content Delivery will be the King Maker. There will be a battle between Apps and Browsers. There will be battles for smartphone operating systems.

Video Explosion

Its not just YouTube, IPTV, or Mobile TV Entertainment(games), Social Networking, Healthcare, Education, Security, Military. Expect to see videos as part of most SmartPhones Expect to see videos as part of all or almost all future Apps

Innovation

Innovation is the lifeblood of any industry. Technical innovation is very critical.

Globalization

Not a new trend, but increased emphasis now, due to liberalization. There is no artificial boundaries, telecoms are expanding their reach geographically, wherever it makes sense for them to go. This trend will continue, especially into the developing countries/markets.

Business Applications Trends

Toward the pervasive use of the Internet, enterprise intranets, and inter-organizations extranets to support electronic business and commerce. Dramatic increase in the number of feasible telecommunication applications. Cut costs, reduce lead times, shorten response times, support e-commerce, improve collaboration, share resources, lock in customers & suppliers, & develop new products & services

Business Value of Telecommunications Networks

The Internet

A network of networks Popular uses

E-mail Instant

messaging Browsing the World Wide Web Newsgroups and chat rooms

The Internet (continued)

The business value of the Internet

Intranets

Within an organization Uses Internet technologies Business value of Intranets

Used

for information sharing, communication, collaboration, & support of business processes. Web publishing

Comparatively easy, attractive, & lower cost alternative for publishing & accessing multimedia business information

Intranets (Portals)

Extranets

Network links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the firms intranet with the intranets of customers, suppliers, or other business partners
Consultants,

subcontractors, business prospects,

& others

Extranets (continued)

Business value
Improve

communication with customers and business partners Gain competitive advantage in

Product

development Cost savings Marketing Distribution Leveraging their partnerships

Telecommunications Network Alternatives

A Telecommunications Network Model

A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Consists of five basic components

Terminals
Any

input/output device that uses telecommunication networks to transmit or receive data

Telecommunication
Support

processors

data transmission and reception between terminals and computers

A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Telecommunications
The

channels

medium over which data are transmitted and received

by telecommunications networks

Computers
Interconnected Control

Telecommunications

control software

telecommunications activities & manage the functions of telecommunications networks

Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Network computing
the

network is the computer

Thin

clients process small application programs called applets.

A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
Two

major models

Central server architecture Pure peer-to-peer

Telecommunications Media

Twisted-pair wire Coaxial cable

Minimizes interference and distortion Allows high-speed data transmission

Fiber optics
Glass fiber that conducts pulses of light generated by lasers Size and weight reduction Increased speed and carrying capacity

Wireless Technologies

Terrestrial Microwave
Terrestrial

microwave communication employs Earthbased transmitters and receivers. The frequencies used are in the low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. These comes in the form of telephone relay towers, which are placed every few miles to relay telephone signals cross country.

Communications Satellites
Serve

as relay stations for communications signals transmitted from earth stations They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and handheld terminals.

Wireless Technologies (continued)

Cellular & PCS Systems(Personal Communication

Service)
Each

cell is typically from one to several square miles in area. Each cell has its own low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna. Computers & other communications processors coordinate & control the transmissions to/from mobile users as they move from one cell to another

Cellular & PCS Systems(cont.)

PCS (personal communications service) is a wireless phone service similar to cellular telephone service but emphasizing personal service and extended mobility. It's sometimes referred to as digital cellular (although cellular systems can also be digital). Like cellular, PCS is for mobile users and requires a number of antennas to blanket an area of coverage. As a user moves around, the user's phone signal is picked up by the nearest antenna and then forwarded to a base station that connects to the wired network. The phone itself is slightly smaller than a cellular phone. The "personal" in PCS distinguishes this service from cellular by emphasizing that, unlike cellular, which was designed for car phone use and coverage of highways and roads, PCS is designed for greater user mobility. It generally requires more cell transmitters for coverage, but has the advantage of fewer blind spots.

M-commerce

Transactions and non-transaction functions over wireless networks Growth due to:

Newer and smaller technologies More mobile populations Deregulation of telecommunication markets Less costly infrastructure than wired alternative

Slower to grow in US than Europe and Asia

M-commerce

Issues
Relatively slow transmission speeds Screen size Battery technology

PDA and smart phone

Personal Area Networks

Connection of computer to peripherals or other computers Connect PDA and desktop computer Several connection methods:
Bluetooth (radio frequency up to 300 feet) IrDA (Infrared) (cheap) Wireless LAN 802.11b wireless Ethernet (more reliable)

New Generations of Wireless Networks

3G network

Is intended for the true multimedia cell phone -typically called smartphones -- and features increased bandwidth and transfer rates to accommodate Web-based applications and phone-based audio and video files.
Theoretically will have a higher data transfer rate. Up to 100Mbps of download speed and 50Mbps of upload speed

4G Network

Telecommunications Processors

Modems (modulation/demodulation)
Changes

signals from analog to digital and back

to analog

Multiplexers
Allows

a single communication channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals

Telecommunications Processors (continued)

Internetwork Processors
Switches
Makes

connections between telecomm circuits so a message can reach its intended destination networks based on different rules or

Router
Interconnects

protocols

Telecommunications Processors (continued)

Hub
Port

switching communications processor

Gateway
A processor

that interconnects networks that use different communications architecture

Telecommunications Software

Provides a variety of communications support services including connecting & disconnecting communications links & establishing communications parameters such as transmission speed, mode, and direction.

Network Topologies

Star
Ties

end user computers to a central computer Considered the least reliable

Ring (sometimes called Token Ring)

Ties

local computer processors together in a ring on a more equal basis. Considered more reliable & less costly

Network Topologies (continued)

Bus
Local

processors share the same bus, or communications channel Tree is a variation which ties several bus networks together

Network Topologies (continued)