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HYDROPOWER
Hydropower is electricity generated using the energy of moving water. The energy of that moving water can be substantial, as anyone who has been whitewater rafting knows.

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What is Hydro electricity

Hydro electricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydro power ; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.

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HYDROPOWER AS A RENEWABLE AND SUSTANABLE ENERGY SOURCE

Hydropower is a renewable source of energy. Hydropower supports the development of other renewables. Hydropower fosters energy security and price stability. Hydropower contributes to fresh water storage. Hydropower improves electric grid stability and reliability.

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 Hydropower helps fight climate change. Hydropower improves the air we breathe. Hydropower makes a significant contribution to development. Hydropower means clean, affordable power for today and tomorrow. Hydropower is a key tool for sustainable development

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History of hydro electricity

Hydro power has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform others tasks. In the mid-1770s, a French engineer Bernard Forest de Belabor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. In the late 1800s, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well. In 1878, the world's first house to be powered with hydroelectricity was Cragside in Norththumberland England. The old Schoelkopf power station No 1 near Niagara falls in the U.S. side began to produce electricity in 1881.

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Environmental Impacts Air emissions

Hydropower's air emissions are negligible because no fuels are burned. However, if a large amount of vegetation is growing along the riverbed when a dam is built, it can decay in the lake that is created, causing the buildup and release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

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Water Resource Use

Hydropower often requires the use of dams, which can greatly affect the flow of rivers, altering ecosystems and affecting the wildlife and people who depend on those waters. Often, water at the bottom of the lake created by a dam is inhospitable to fish because it is much colder and oxygen-poor compared with water at the top.

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Water Discharges
Hydroelectric power plants release water back into rivers after it passes through turbines. This water is not polluted by the process of creating electricity.

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Solid Waste Generation

The use of water to create electricity does not produce a substantial amount of solid waste.

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The construction of hydropower plants can alter sizable portions of land when dams are constructed and lakes are created, flooding land that may have once served as wildlife habitat, farmland, and scenic retreats. Hydroelectric dams can cause erosion along the riverbed upstream and downstream, which can further disturb wildlife ecosystems and fish populations.

Land Resource Use

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Reserves
In the United States, hydropower generates nearly nine percent of the total electricity supply. In the Pacific Northwest alone, hydropower provides about two-thirds of the region's electricity supply. Currently, facilities in the U.S. can generate enough hydropower to supply electricity to 28 million households, which is equivalent to about 500 million barrels of oil.

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How It Works

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SZES OF HYDROELECTRC POWER PLANTS

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Large
Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large hydroelectric power stations, facilities from over a few hundred megawatts to more than 10 GW are generally considered large hydroelectric facilities. Currently, only three facilities over 10 GW (10,000 MW) are in operation worldwide; Three Gorges Dam at 22.5 GW(China), Itaipu Dam at 14 GW(Brazil and Paraguay), and Guri Dam at 10.2 GW(Venezuela).
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest operating hydroelectric power station, at22,500 MW (China)

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Small
Siemens Austria Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small community or industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to 10 megawatts (MW).

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Micro
Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 KW of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks. Vietnam

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Pico
Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 KW. It is useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity. For example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio for a few homes.
Mondulkiri, Cambodia

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TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS

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Conventional (dams)
Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head.

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Pumped-storage
This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine.

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Run-of-the-river
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.

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ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Advantages
Provides low operating and maintenance costs Provides long life span (50100 years and more) Provides reliable service Includes proven technology Instigates and fosters regional development Provides highest energy efficiency rate Creates employment opportunities and saves fuel

Disadvantages
High upfront investment Precipitation Requires long-term planning Requires long-term agreements Requires multidisciplinary involvement Often requires foreign contractors and funding

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SOCIAL ASPECTS
Advantages Leaves water available for other uses Often provides flood protection May enhance navigation conditions Often enhances recreation Enhances accessibility of the territory and its resources Improves living conditions Sustains livelihoods (fresh water, food supply) Disadvantages May involve resettlement Local land use patterns will be modified Requires management of competing water uses

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Advantages Produces no pollutants but only very few GHG emiss. Enhances air quality Produces no waste Avoids depleting non-renewable fuel resources Often creates new freshwater ecosystems with increased productivity Enhances knowledge and improves management of valued species due to study results Helps to slow down climate change Neither consumes nor pollutes the water it uses for electricity generation purposes Disadvantages Inundation of terrestrial habitat Modification of hydrological regimes Modification of aquatic habitats Water quality needs to be managed Temporary introduction of methylmercury into the food chain needs to be monitored/managed Species activities and populations need to be monitored Barriers for fish migration, fish entrainment Sediment composition and transport may need to be monitored/managed

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Hydro Electricity in Turkey

Hydraulic energy is used the most amount of Turkey.

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 Turkey has an economic capacity of 128 billion kWh per year hydroelectric energy potential. However, Turkey is using 36% of this capacity, currently generating 46 billion kWh per year electricity from hydroelectric power plants. Another 11 billion kWh per year capacity is under construction by the private and the public sector.

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The change of economic hydroelectric potential of Turkey.

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 Especially Black Sea region is rich in terms of rivers and altitude. Most of Black sea region which are hilly, it can be possible to develop relatively higher heads without expensive civil engineering works, so that relatively smaller flows are required to develop for the desired power. In these cases, it may be possible to construct a relatively simple diversion structure and to obtain the highest drop by diverting flows at the top of a waterfall. There are intensive studies to improve the small and large hydropower development in Turkey. EMRA is constantly evaluates applications before issuing licenses.
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 The Energy Market Regulatory Agency (EMRA) has license fee exemption for renewable energy investors and Turkish Electricity Trading Company, TETAS, can provide buying guarantees to renewable energy companies. Renewable energy will play an important role as Turkey's preparations for accession to the European Union is underway.

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Hydropower output in 2007 (GWh)

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Turkey's geography, a rectangular plateau peninsula surrounded on three sides by seas, is highly conducive to hydroelectric power generation; Turkey has about 1% of the total world hydroelectric potential. There are many rivers in Turkey and five separate watersheds. The Persian Gulf watershed in eastern Turkey includes the Tigris River (known in Turkey as the Dicle River) and the Euphrates River (known in Turkey as the Firat River), which flow southwest into Iraq and eventually merge and empty into the Bay of Basra at the northern end of the Persian Gulf.

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 The Aras/Caspian watershed in eastern Turkey includes the Aras River, which flows eastward and whose waters eventually empty into the Caspian Sea. The Black Sea watershed covers much of northern Turkey, and includes Turkey's longest river, the Kizilirmak. The Mediterranean watershed covers much of southwestern Turkey, where rivers either flow south to the Mediterranean Sea or west to the Aegean Sea. The fifth watershed covers the region around the Marmara Sea, which includes several smaller rivers.

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A map of the major rivers of Turkey is shown below.

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Distribution of Turkey's hydropower potential on basin level.

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Turkeys map of hydroelectric power plants

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Atatrk Dam / anlurfa

Ataturk Dam, the world's 6th largest in terms of fill volume of dam. It is also the biggest dam in Europe and Turkey. 2400 MW power production capacity is 8900 GWh per year of electricity.

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Keban Dam / Elaz

The total installed capacity of the dam is 1330 Megawatts. Keban has capacity of energy production is 6 billion kWh per year.

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Karakaya Dam / Diyarbakr

Dam 7354 GWh of electrical energy annually produce 1800 MW of power.
The Karakaya Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey, built on the Euphrates (Frat) River and completed in 1987.

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Turkey's major dams

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THE FUTURE OF HYDROELECTRC POWER

While the United States has not increased it's own stake in hydro power over the last few decades, the rest of the world continues to look at hydroelectricity as a very viable renewable resource. Many countries around the globe are building or planning to build large dams that will dramatically increase their power output. And while there are disadvantages to hydroelectric power such as large scale human and wildlife displacement, this form of renewable energy has a lot to offer while other renewable forms of energy such as wind and solar continue to become more widely developed.

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