GROUP MEMBER: LAWRENCE THIONG JIWINNIE CHLERA HASDAH BINTI DARWIS NORHASHINAH BINTI ZAINAL NORHASLINDA ALBERT C.

J ARTHUR CHIN DENNIS VILLEGAS

2.1 UNDERSTAND RELATED MSIEC 60364 AND ELECTRICITY REGULATION

2.1.1 EXPLAIN THE SPECIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

List of energy sources for power generation

i. ii. iii. iv. v. Sun (matahari) Wind (angin) Fuel (bahan api) Nuclear (Nuklear) Renewable Energy (tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui)

Types of power generation plants

i. ii. iii. iv. v. Solar power plant Thermal power plant (using coal, oil and gas) Nuclear power plant Hydro power plant Turbin gas power plant

Types of power generation plants

i. Solar power plant

Types of power generation plants

ii. Thermal power plant (using coal, oil and gas)

Types of power generation plants

iii. Nuclear power plant

Types of power generation plants

v. Turbin gas power plant

Types of power generation plants

iv. Hydro power plant

2.1.2 EXPLAIN EARTHING SYSTEM

Definition of Earthing system

In electricity systems, an earthing system define as the electrical potential of the conductors relative to the Earths conductive surface. Earthing system can effect the safety, electromagnetic of the power supply and regulation can vary considerably among countries. Most electrical system connect one supply to the earth(ground) and this is well known as the Earthing System.

If a fault within an electrical device connects a "hot" (unearthed) supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while electrically connected to the earth ( for example : by standing on it, or touching an earthed sink) will complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock.

TT system TN-S system

TN-C system

IT system

TN-C-S system

TT system
This system normally used for consumer power supply. No earthing system provided by power distributor. The owner must install the earthing protection by their own connection to the earth.They must installing a suitable electrode and safe arrangement for which they are responsibility to their installation. The neutral and earthing conductor must be separately through the installation because power distributor only provide the supply neutral or protective conductor for the connection to consumer. The advantage of this system is it clear from the noise of high or low frequency,not have risk of neutral broken or failure and suitable for special application like telecommunication. TT system is suitable for premises where all AC power circuits are residual current device (RCD) protected.

IT system
This system is similar with TT system but totally different in earthing supply.
The distributor system not have any connection to earth or it have only a high impedance connection. It mean the usual protection is not effective for this system. This type is not for consumer power supply. It special for power distributor such as substation or area.

TN-S system
This system has the neutral of power supply with connection of earth only at one point to the source.the consumers earthing terminal is usually connected to the metallic Armour of the distributors cable into the HV / LV transformer.

It is commonly used for underground power supply to the premise or factory from the distributor substation to customer substation.
This earth terminal is connected by the supply protective conductor (PE) back to the star point (neutral) of the secondary winding of the supply transformer, which is also connected at that point to an earth electrode.

TN-C-S system
This system has the supply neutral conductor of a distribution main connected with earth at source as protective multiple earthing (PME). The supply distributor neutral conductor is also used to return earth fault currents from the consumer installation back to the source with a safely manner. The power supply distributor will provide a consumers earthing terminal which is linked to the incoming neutral conductor. This combined earth and neutral system called the protective and neutral conductor (PEN) or the combined neutral and earth conductor (CNE).

TN-C system This system is not familiar or unusual for earthing system.It a combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor. The PEN conductor is the sheath of a cable and therefore is concentric with (totally surrounds) the phase conductor(s). For wiring or cabling purpose,the suitable material is uses mineral insulated cable, the metallic copper sheath being the combined neutral and earth conductor. Normally this system used for ships or offshore platform earthing system.RCD protected is not function properly for this system.

TT EARTHING SYSTEM
The supply source has a direct connection to earth. All exposed conductive parts of an installation also are connected to an earth electrode that is electrical independent of the source earth.

The Stucture Of TT Earthing system

Fault Behavior in the TT Earthing System

When an insulation fault occurs, the fault current Id is mainly limited by the earth resistances (Ra and Rb). At least one residual current device (RCD) must be fitted at the supply end of the installation. In order to increase availability of electrical power, use of several RCDs en-sures time and current discrimination on tripping [16].

Advantages of the TT Earthing System

The most commonly found earthing system. Faults in the LV and MV grid do not migrate to other customers in the LV grid. Good security condition, as the potential rise of the grounded conductive part must be limited at 50 V for a fault inside the installation and at 0V for a fault on the network. Simple earthing of the installation and the easiest to implement. No influence of extending the network.

Disadvantages of the TT Earthing System

Each customer needs to install and maintain its own ground electrode. Safety and protection depends on the customer, thus complete reliability is not assured. High over voltages may occur between all live parts and between live parts and PE conductor. Possible overvoltage stress on equipment insulation of the installation.

Earthing of electrical systems is essential for the correct functioning and the protecting of life and equipment in the

event of faults.
The earth electrode (connection of the earthing system to the ground) is an essential part of any system.

The estimation of electrode resistance and functioning during

the design stage ensures workable solutions are proposed, enhances the operation and potentially reduces the cost of any installation.

The earth electrode, where used, is the means of making contact with the

general mass of earth. Thus it must be tested to ensure that good contact is
made. A major consideration here is to ensure that the electrode resistance is not so high that the voltage from earthed metal work to earth exceeds 50 V. Where

an RCD is used, this means that the result of multiplying the RCD operating
current (in amperes) by the electrode resistance (in ohms) does not exceed 50 (volts). for normal dry locations, or 25 (volts) for construction sites and

agricultural premises.

To ensure that the resistance of the test leads does not affect the result, separate leads should be used for these connections. If the test lead resistance is negligible, terminals C1 and P1 may be bridged at the instrument and connected to the earth electrode with a single lead.

Terminals C2 and P2 are connected to temporary spikes which are driven into the
ground, making a straight line with the electrode under test. It is important that the test spikes are far enough from each other and from the electrode under test. The tester provides an alternating output to prevent electrolytic effects. If the resistance to earth of the temporary spikes Y and Z is too high, a reduction is likely if they are driven deeper or if they are watered.

The system can be adjusted by variation of the resistor R, is passed through the electrode under test (X) to the general mass of earth and hence to the test electrode Y. The voltmeter connected from X to Z measures the volt drop from X to the general mass of earth. The electrode resistance is calculated from: Voltmeter reading (V)

Ammeter reading (A)

As in the case of the dedicated tester, the test electrode Z must again be moved and extra readings taken to ensure that resistance areas do not overlap. It is important that the voltmeter used has high resistance (at least 200 Ohms /V) or its low resistance in parallel with that of the electrode under test will give a false result.

The tester is connected between the phase at the origin of the installation and the earth electrode under test. The test is then carried out, the result being taken as the electrode resistance although the resistance of the protective system from the origin of the installation to the furthest paint of the installation must be added to it before its use to verify that the 50 V level is not exceeded.

If an RCD with a low operating current is used, the protective system resistance is likely
to be negligible by comparison with the permissible electrode resistance.

The resistance of the electrode or earth interface rarely remains constant Among the principal factors affecting this resistance are the following:

Humidity of the soil

The seasonal changes in the moisture content of the soil can be significant at depths of up to 2 meters. At a depth of 1 metre the resistivity and therefore the resistance can vary by a ratio of 1 to 3 between a wet winter and a dry summer in temperate regions Frost Frozen earth can increase the resistivity of the soil by several orders of magnitude.

This is one reason for recommending the installation of deep electrodes, in particular
in cold climates

Ageing The materials used for electrodes will generally deteriorate to some extent for various reasons, for example: Chemical reactions (in acidic or alkaline soils) Galvanic: due to stray DC currents in the earth, for example from electric

railways, etc. or due to dissimilar metals forming primary cells. Different soils
acting on sections of the same conductor can also form cathodic and anodic areas with consequent loss of surface metal from the latter areas. Unfortunately, the most favourable conditions for low earth-electrode resistance (i.e. low soil resistivity) are also those in which galvanic currents can most easily flow. Oxidation

Brazed and welded joints and connections are the points most sensitive to
oxidation. Thorough cleaning of a newly made joint or connection and wrapping with a suitable greased-tape binding is a commonly used preventive measure.

Main switch
The main switch fuse box is there to help prevent electrical fires. If you overload a circuit, and it tries to draw more current than the wire is supposed to have, it will pop the fuse, causing an open circuit, and electricity stops flowing. The main switch allows you to disconnect all electricity coming into the home.

(Residual current circuit breaker)RCCB

A residual-current device (RCD), or residualcurrent circuit breaker (RCCB), is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a circuit whenever it detects that the electric current is not balanced between the energized conductor and the return neutral conductor. Ground Fault Condition is defined as: An unintentional, electrically conducting connection between an ungrounded conductor of an electrical circuit and the normally non-current-carrying conductors , metallic enclosures, metallic raceways, metallic equipment or earth. Such an imbalance may indicate current leakage through the body of a person who is grounded and accidentally touching the energized part of the circuit. A lethal shock can result from these conditions. RCCBs are designed to disconnect quickly enough to prevent injury caused by such shocks. They are not intended to provide protection against overcurrent(overload) or short-circuit conditions.

(Miniature cicuit breaker)MCB

Miniature circuit breakers or MCBs are used to replace fuses that protect individual pieces of electrical equipment and the circuits which supply them with power.

In the case of tripping because of a current overload, MCBs are very easy to reset, which is much simpler to do that having to replace blown fuses. MCBs also trip to stop the current from flowing much faster than fuses can operate. However MCBs are not better than fuses in all respects: MCBs are much more expensive than fuses and they take up more space, which is why fuses are still used for some applications.

Equipments

Wiring installation

2.1.3EXPLAIN SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM

Wiring specification i. Size of cable 1.5 mm - lamp circuit 2.5 mm - socket 4 mm - power circuit (water heater) 6 mm - power circuit (water heater) 16 mm - main circuit Choosing suitable size of cable is to avoid the cable becomes hot. BS7671 chapter 13 is referred.

ii. Size of MCB 6 A lamp, fan, electric clock 16 A socket 20 A air-cond, hot water bath.

iii. Types of wiring system a. b. c. d. Surface Condiut Casing underground