Heat Transfer

Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Conduction
Conduction heat

transferred by particles colliding into one another, such as in a metal. Transfer of energy by touch Not an effective transfer in a gas. Primarily solids

Convection
Convection heat transferred by the

circulation of a fluid (or gas), such as in a heating system at home; important near the surface of the Sun.
Hot air rises cool

air falls

Radiation
Radiation heat transferred by the flow of

electromagnetic radiation, like heat felt from the campfire. Radiation is the only type of heat transfer that can happen in a vacuum. Heat transfer through waves

Heat Transfer
CONDUCTION: the transfer of energy through matter

by direct contact of particles.

This can happen in solids, liquids and gases.

CONVECTION: the transfer of energy because of the

movement of bulk masses of particles.

This can happen only in liquids and gases - not in solids.

RADIATION:

the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

Energy can move by radiation in air like the heat from your electric stove top, or in the vacuum of space the way the Sun heats the Earth. In radiation, the energy does not have to transfer through mass (particles).

Heat Vent

Heat Transfer Experiment

From the sun:

I R Scan

Metal Rod

68

In which container is the substance unable to transfer heat by convection?

Air Currents

Heat cells in mantle/asthenosphere Rising heat cells - plates separate Sinking heat cells - plates pulled down into mantle

The Sun

heat transfer : Problem 10

Heat convection occurs in gases and liquids. Heat convection does not occur in solids because solids are unable to
A B C D absorb heat by vibrating transfer heat by fluid motion emit radiation by reflecting light exchange heat by direct contact

Each finger is a different metal rod with glass marbles affixed using wax. The marbles are placed at equal distances on each of the rods and the rods are heated. The heat is moved through the metal to the wax adhesive. As the wax warms up, it looses its stickiness and the marbles subsequently fall off.

Problem 11
In which container is the substance unable to transfer heat by convection?

Problem 12
The moons surface becomes hot during the long lunar day because the sun transfers heat to the moon. This heat transfer is accomplished almost entirely through the process of F convection G refraction H conduction J radiation

Microwave

A man who was sleeping wakes up because he hears the smoke alarm go off in his house. Before opening the bedroom door, the man feels the door to see whether it is warm. He is assuming that heat would be transferred through the door by A conduction B convection C radiation D compression

Problem 13

Problem 14
The transfer of heat by the movement of air currents in Earths atmosphere is an example of
A B C D conduction convection radiation fusion

Heat Lamps

Problem 15
A solar heater uses energy from the sun to heat water. The heaters panel is painted black to
F improve emission of infrared radiation G reduce the heat loss by convection currents H improve absorption of infrared radiation J reduce the heaters conducting properties

65 Heat convection occurs in gases and liquids. Heat convection does not occur in solids because solids are unable to A B C D absorb heat by vibrating transfer heat by fluid motion emit radiation by reflecting light exchange heat by direct contact

Hot pool near Red Cone Geyser; William S Keller; 1964

66 A solar heater uses energy from the sun to heat water. The heaters panel is painted black to F improve emission of infrared radiation G reduce the heat loss by convection currents H improve absorption of infrared radiation J reduce the heaters conducting properties

56 Which of the following is an example of solar energy being converted into chemical energy?

F Plants producing sugar during the day G Water evaporating and condensing in the water cycle H The sun unevenly heating Earths surface J Lava erupting from volcanoes for many days

Radiometer

Temperatures of Water in Different Containers Container P Q Initial Temperature (C) 90 90 Final Temperature (C) 83 76

69 Container P and Container Q each were filled with 0.5 liter of water. The water was heated to 90C. The table shows the temperatures after both containers were allowed to cool for 3 minutes. Compared to Container Q, Container P is a better A B C D conductor absorber radiator insulator

54 Which process best shows the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy?

F Prevailing winds causing windmills to spin G Green plants making their own food H Uranium producing heat to make steam J Tides generating electricity

57 Why is the sum of the products energy in this reaction less than the sum of the reactants energy? A Energy is given off as heat. B The products absorb available energy. C Energy is trapped in the reactants. D The reactants energy is less than the melting point of glucose.

58 An inventor claims to have created an internal combustion engine that converts 100 kJ of chemical energy from diesel fuel to 140 kJ of mechanical energy. This claim violates the law of conservation of F momentum G inertia H energy J mass

Solar Radiation and Earth

Effect
Solar radiation reaching Earth Radiation reflected back into space Radiation heating atmosphere, landmasses, and oceans Radiation producing winds and ocean currents Radiation used in photosynthesis

Amount of Energy per Second (terajoules) 173,410 52,000

81,000
370 40 ?

Radiation resulting in evaporation of water

59 Assuming the chart contains all energy transformations in the Earth system, how much solar radiation goes toward evaporating water? F 40,000 terajoules G 92,410 terajoules H 121,410 terajoules J 133,410 terajoules

60 According to the equation E = mc2, mass

F G H J travels at the speed of light can be transformed into energy contains light energy is doubled when exposed to light

63 Because ancient Greeks lived close to water, they may have enjoyed a more constant climate than if they had lived inland. Water warms up and cools down more slowly than land. This is because of waters F G H J boiling point specific heat melting point specific gravity

Temperature (C) Metal Block Water 120 20

Mass (g) 100 400

62 The temperature of the water increases by 8C when the metal block is added. Which could cause the temperature of the water to increase by 10C after the metal block is added?

F G H J

Using 500 g of water Using a larger beaker Adding more 20C water Adding heat to the metal block

Q = mct
Q Energy (Heat gained or lost)

m Mass
c Specific Heat t Change in Temperature

64 How much heat is lost by 2.0 grams of water if the temperature drops from 31C to 29C? The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/gC. A B C D 4.0 J 6.2 J 8.4 J 16.7 J