ELEKTRONIKA TELEKOMUNIKASI

Universitas Mercu Buana Fina Supegina, ST, MT

Tujuan Komunikasi Radio

Mengirimkan informasi dari sumber ke tujuan (dapat berjauhan letaknya) dengan memanfaatkan media udara sebagai saluran transmisi

Bagan Komunikasi Radio Secara Umum

PEMANCAR (TX)

PENERIMA (RX)

SUMBER

TUJUAN

Bagian TX dan RX Tersusun Atas Bagian-bagian Berikut

Pemancar (TX)
SUMBER MODULATOR PENGUAT

OSCILLATOR

 Penerima (RX)

PENGUAT

DEMODULATOR

TUJUAN

Jika diperhatikan lebih lanjut,maka terdapat beberapa hal yang menjadi perhatian, yaitu : Modulator dan Demodulator (Detector) Oscillator Penguat Modulasi (akan dibahas tersendiri) Antenna Saluran Transmisi

Modulator
Berfungsi untuk memodifikasi sinyal pembawa (carrier) dari oscillator sesuai sistem modulasi yang digunakan (pemodulasi)

Demodulator (Detector)
Berfungsi sebagai alat untuk mendapatkan informasi yang terkandung dalam sinyal carrier termodulasi Rangkaian Demodulator tergantung jenis modulasi yang digunakan

Oscillator
Berfungsi sebagai Pembangkit Sinyal Pembawa (Carrier) pada Pemancar

Penguat (Amplifier)
Berfungsi memberikan penguatan terhadap sinyal yang akan dikirim/diterima Pada penerima, dapat berfungsi sebagai filter karena karakteristik response frequency mirip band pass filter Pada pemancar, berfungsi mengjilangkan harmonisa dari rangkaian-rangkaian pemancar

Antenna
Berfungsi meradiasikan gelombang elektromagnetik terbimbing pada saluran ke udara bebas Masing-masing bentuk antenna punya pola pancaran (radiasi) yang berbeda

Saluran Transmisi
Agar daya sinyal dapat dipancarkan secara maksimal, maka impedansi output rangkaian pemancar dengan impedansi karakteristik saluran transmisi, serta impedansi beban harus sama (match) Jika tidak sama, maka akan terjadi gelombang pantul Jika komunikasi radio dipandang dalam konteks saluran transmisi, maka dapat digambarkan seperti berikut

Analogue Signals and Digital Signals

1. Analogue Signals Analogue signals: These are usually older electronic gadgets (introduced before the mid 1990s). A good example of an analogue signal is the loud-speaker of a stereo system. When the volume is turned up the sound increases slowly and constantly.

Analogue Signals and Digital Signals

2. Digital Signals Digital signals: Modern electronic products such as computers and mobile phones depend on digital signals. However, a good example of a digital signal is Morse Code. The signal is sent as a series of on and off pulses. The signal is either present or it is not.

 Analog signal must be converted into Digital form (Discrete) before DSP techniques can be applied. The analog signal is basically denoted as x[t] or xa[t] because it varied by time. The analog signal comes in form of sinusoid (sine or cosine wave).
The Analog signal is digitized by using Integrated Electronic Circuit device called an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The output of ADC will be in the form of binary number that represents the analog signal such as electrical voltage.

 The analog signal are always come with noise. Thus the noise filtering is needed before the signal goes to ADC. The filtering can be done by using DSP techniques.

The special purpose microprocessors are designed to carry out application of DSP. It is named as Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and used in real time application.

 DSPs are programmable devices and capable of carrying out millions of instruction per second.
It is vital to know how Digital Signal Processing work before we go to DSPs (The diagram of the process is shown in Figure 1 and 2). The signals and systems must come together. The systems are needed to operate the signals. For example, we need to use Thermometer to measure Temperature, Microphone to carry out analog signal (human voice) and convert it to electrical signal, Charge-Couple Device (CCD) used in in Camera or Digital Camera to convert image to picture and so on. In general, the system is characterized by the type of operation that it performs on the signal.

Figure 1 : Digitized process of signal

Figure 2 : Complete Process of Digital Signal

 From the diagram, it can be seen that ADC and DAC are 2 vital devices used in signal processing to convert the signal from analog to discrete (digital) and vice versa.
ADC is basically consists of Sampler, Quantizer and Coder. All this elements are built up by CMOS Switched-Capacitor (for Sampling), OpAmp (Signal Amplification) & Comparator (Quantizer).

 Quantization is the conversion of discretetime continuous-valued to discrete-time discrete- valued (digital) signal. The difference of this is called Quantization Error.
The coder in ADC will convert the output of the Quantizer to b-bit binary sequence that can be read by DSPs (Digital Signal Processors). The DAC, will perform a reverse operation of ADC in order to generate back analog signal.

 DSP CAN BE APPLIED IN THE FOLLOWING FIELDS :

=> COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (MOBILE PHONE, SATELLITE, RADAR, SONAR, INTERNET) => ENTERTAINMENT ELECTRONICS (RADIO, TV, Hi-Fi, CD/VCD/DVD PLAYER,MP3), => MULTIMEDIA (ACOUSTICS, IMAGE, SPEECH RECOGNIZATION & VIDEO CODING, DIGITAL CAMERA),

=> MEDICAL INSTRUMENT

(ECG Electrocardiogram provides information about the condition of patients heart),

=> GEOPHYSICS (Seismology) (Apparatus used to measure earth movement) => INSTRUMENTATION
(ELECTRONIC TESTER Such as Digital Multimeter, Oscilloscope)

=> IC TECHNOLOGY => DATA COMPRESSION

Advantages of using digital filters

The following list gives some of the main advantages of digital over analog filters. 1. A digital filter is programmable, i.e. its operation is determined by a program stored in the processor's memory. This means the digital filter can easily be changed without affecting the circuitry (hardware). An analog filter can only be changed by redesigning the filter circuit. 2. Digital filters are easily designed, tested and implemented on a general-purpose computer.

 3. The characteristics of analog filter circuits (particularly those containing active components) are subject to drift and are dependent on temperature. Digital filters do not suffer from these problems, and so are extremely stable with respect both to time and temperature.

 4. Unlike their analog counterparts, digital filters can handle low frequency signals accurately. As the speed of DSP technology continues to increase, digital filters are being applied to high frequency signals in the RF (radio frequency) domain, which in the past was the exclusive preserve of analog technology. 5. Digital filters are very much more versatile in their ability to process signals in a variety of ways; this includes the ability of some types of digital filter to adapt to changes in the characteristics of the signal.

Test 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The analog signal are always come with ________ DSP or digital signal processing is the __________of the signals digitally or by digital means. ADC is basically consists of_______, Quantizer and Coder. The coder in ADC will _____the output of the Quantizer to b-bit binary sequence that can be read by DSPs (Digital Signal Processors). Unlike their analog counterparts, digital filters can handle ____frequency signals accurately

NOISE PROCESSING Sampler Convert Low

Test 1
What is the meaning of DSP ? List the application of DSP ? Electrical signal are in two form. What are they ? List example of digital signals and analogue signals? Mention the advantages of using digital filters ?

Deret Fourier

 Menurut Fourier setiap fungsi periodik dapat dinyatakan sebagai jumlah fungsi sinus dan cosinus yang tak berhingga jumlahnya dan dihubungkan secara harmonis. Maka, karena respons paksaan terhadap setiap bentuk sinusoida/cosinusoida dapat ditentukan dengan mudah dengan konsep fasor.

Bentuk Trigonometris dari Deret Fourier

Mula-mula kita tinjau sebuah fungsi periodik f(t) yang didefinisikan sebagai : f(t) = f(t + T) dengan T adalah perioda. Selanjutnya kita anggap bahwa fungsi f(t) memenuhi sifat-sifat berikut : f(t) berharga tunggal dimana, yakni f(t) memenuhi definisi matematis dari sebuah fungsi. Integral ada (yakni, tidak tak berhingga) untuk setiap pemilihan to f(t) mempunyai diskontinuitas yang terbatas banyaknya didalam setiap perioda f(t) mempunyai maksimum dan minimum yang terbatas banyaknya didalam setiap perioda.

. Dengan adanya fungsi periodik f(t) seperti itu, maka teorema Fourier mengatakan bahwa f(t) dapat dinyatakan dengan deret tak berhingga

GELOMBANG GENAP
GELOMBANG GENAP

f(t) = f(-t)

GELOMBANG GANJIL

f(t) = - f(-t)

Contoh :

Kisi-kisi
Sinyal, deret fourier Osilator Power amplifier Modulasi, demodulasi, sistem rx n tx