HABIT MOTIVES

Psychology and Physiology in Literacy Acquisition B.Ed. Language and Literacy The Mico University College

MOTIVES

A motive, or a drive, is a complex state in a person that directs his behaviour toward a goal.
- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958), Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours

What are our motives? Drives Incentives

-Drives energize all behaviour; is aimed at a goal or an incentive -Incentives are rewards designed to influence behaviour
-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Books of India

CLASSIFYING OF MOTIVES

Physiological Motives: every motive is interrelated with other motives- satisfying needs * specific hungers, like animals - Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958),
Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours

1. 2. 3. 4.

Hunger Thirst Rest and Sleep Pain Avoidance

CLASSIFYING OF MOTIVES CONTD

5.

Drive to void the bowel and bladder The sex drive

unlike other physiological drives, the sex drive can be ignored and denied satisfaction for indefinite periods of time without fatal results.

6.

CLASSIFYING OF MOTIVES CONTD

1. 2. 3.

Social/Psychological: these are motives we learn in group living Recognition Need to be needed Human value systems

-In every society and culture the individuals social motives fit into certain value systems

- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958), Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours

CLASSIFYING OF MOTIVES CONTD

1.
2. 3. 4. -

Habit Motives Combing the hair Chewing gum Smoking Cleanliness These are satisfied once we form habits to perform these activities. Habits, once established, furnish their own source of motivation.
-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Books of India

HULLS DRIVE THEORY

In 1943, Clark Hull suggested that it was a psychological deficit, or a need, and not an instinct, that instigated the organism to undertake behaviours that then resulted in the offset of the need. Stimulus-response linkages (habits) could provide the direction but not the energy required for action. According to Hull, for prior associations to be displayed, there had to be some unsatisfied need that in turn produced a drive to action. Behaviour= Drive x Habit

-Graham, S. And Weiner, B. (n.b.), Cognition and Motivation:Theories and Principles of Motivation

WHAT ARE HABIT MOTIVES?

Habit refers to the whole framework of our consistent, repeated, habitual ways of behaving. Since we are motivated to behave as we do, habit is a sort of crystallization of our everyday motives into a regular pattern. Habit motives are also referred to as being functionally autonomous. That is the behaviour has continued long after the original set of circumstances in which it was learned has ceased to exist.
- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958), Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours

HABIT MOTIVE

It is not intentional effort alone, united with instinctive tendencies, that determine action. Habit plays a great part in the earliest years of life. It is one of the essential laws of our nature that every act tends to reproduce itself for the sole reason that it has been produced. We acquire a disposition to do over again what we have already done. -Gabriel, C.(n.b). The Elements of Psychology

HABIT MOTIVE

We rely almost exclusively on psychological and habit motives to encourage learning. By guiding and rewarding the childs curiosity, that is his or her need for new experiences which is an important psychological motive, we can encourage him to move from one valuable learning experience to another. The habits of work and attention that we help the child to develop will carry him through many tasks for which he may have no immediate urge.
-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Books of India

FORMING BAD HABITS

In discussing the cause for arriving at a plateau in the learning experience, Kakkar suggests that, plateaus indicate that a higher form of habit is being attempted before the lower ones on which it is based are perfected. As soon as these lower habits have been perfected, another upward flight of progress is made. A plateau is, therefore, a period of learning when lower habits of a hierarchy, as yet imperfectly learned, are made automatic. This permits progress to a higher plane.
-Kakkar, S. B. (2004): Educational Psychology. Motilal UK Books of India

HOW CAN HABIT MOTIVES AFFECT LITERACY?

It facilitates action Replaces Will Sharpens intelligence Strengthens inclination

- Sartan. A.Q., North, A.J, Strange, J. R., Chapman, H.M. (1958), Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviours

HOW CAN HABIT MOTIVES BE USED TO IMPROVE LITERACY?

Hansen (1969) reported that the out-of-school reading habits that students establish by the fifth and sixth grades are the independent reading habits that remain with them throughout their lifetimes.
-Hansen, H. S. (1969). The impact of the home literary environment on reading attitude. Elementary English, 46 (1), pp. 17-24.

1. 2.

3.

Encourage student application of taught literacy strategies until they become a habit. Habit of looking up unfamiliar words builds vocabulary Habit of following writing process Habit of making notes while reading
Habit of reading environmental print builds fluency

A BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE

Operant Conditioning: Behaviour being learned (the operant) increases in frequency or likelihood because performing it makes a reinforcement available (like praising, or success).
-Kelvin S., and Sutton, R. (2009). Educational Psychology. Jacobs Foundation, Zurich

THE DAILY 5

The Daily 5 is a structure that trains students to work independently as they discover the joys and develop the habits of daily reading and writing without worksheets or centers: Read to Yourself The best way to become a reader is to practice each day, with books you choose on your just-right reading level. It soon becomes a habit. Read to Someone Reading to someone allows for more time to practice strategies, work on fluency and expression, check for understanding, hear your own voice, and share in the learning community. Work on Writing Just like reading, the best way to become a better writer is to practice writing each day. Listen to Reading We hear examples of good literature and fluent reading. We learn more words, thus expanding our vocabulary and becoming better readers. Spelling/Word Work Correct spelling allows for more fluent writing, thus speeding up the ability to write and get thinking down on paper. This is an essential foundation for writers.

Boushey, G.and Moser, J. (2013). The Daily 5. Retrieved from www.the2sisters.com

WHAT THE DAILY 5 LOOKS LIKE