IF

THE HYPOTHESIS JUST WANT TO GET THE CONCLUSION TO REJECT OR ACCEPT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS FROM THE ONE SIDE

 IF

THE HYPOTHESIS WANT TO GET THE CONCLUSION TO REJECT OR ACCEPT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS FROM THE TWO SIDE

 THE

GOAL IS TO COMPARE THE MEAN OF THE DATA WITH A VALUE THE ONE-SAMPLE T TEST PROCEDURE TESTS WHETHER THE MEAN OF A SINGLE VARIABLE DIFFERS FROM A SPECIFIED CONSTANT

researcher might want to test whether the average IQ score for a group of students differs from 100. A cereal manufacturer can take a sample of boxes from the production line and check whether the mean weight of the samples differs from 1.3 pounds at the 95% confidence level

 For

each test variable: mean, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean. The average difference between each data value and the hypothesized test value, a t test that tests that this difference is 0, and a confidence interval for this difference (you can specify the confidence level)

 Tests

the difference between a sample mean and a known or hypothesized value Allows you to specify the level of confidence for the difference Produces a table of descriptive statistics for each test variable

The Independent-Samples T Test procedure compares means for two groups of cases. Ideally, for this test, the subjects should be randomly assigned to two groups, so that any difference in response is due to the treatment (or lack of treatment) and not to other factors. This is not the case if you compare average income for males and females. A person is not randomly assigned to be a male or female. In such situations, you should ensure that differences in other factors are not masking or enhancing a significant difference in means. Differences in average income may be influenced by factors such as education (and not by sex alone)

 Patients

with high blood pressure are randomly assigned to a placebo group and a treatment group. The placebo subjects receive an inactive pill, and the treatment subjects receive a new drug that is expected to lower blood pressure. After the subjects are treated for two months, the two-sample t test is used to compare the average blood pressures for the placebo group and the treatment group. Each patient is measured once and belongs to one group

 For

each variable: sample size, mean, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean. For the difference in means: mean, standard error, and confidence interval (you can specify the confidence level). Tests: Levene's test for equality of variances and both pooled-variances and separate-variances t tests for equality of means

 The

Paired-Samples T Test procedure compares the means of two variables for a single group. The procedure computes the differences between values of the two variables for each case and tests whether the average differs from 0

 In

a study on high blood pressure, all patients are measured at the beginning of the study, given a treatment, and measured again. Thus, each subject has two measures, often called before and after measures. An alternative design for which this test is used is a matched-pairs or case-control study, in which each record in the data file contains the response for the patient and also for his or her matched control subject. In a blood pressure study, patients and controls might be matched by age (a 75-year-old patient with a 75-year-old control group member).

 The

One-Way ANOVA procedure produces a one-way analysis of variance for a quantitative dependent variable by a single factor (independent) variable. Analysis of variance is used to test the hypothesis that several means are equal. This technique is an extension of the two-sample t test

 In

addition to determining that differences exist among the means, you may want to know which means differ. There are two types of tests for comparing means: a priori contrasts and post hoc tests. Contrasts are tests set up before running the experiment, and post hoc tests are run after the experiment has been conducted. You can also test for trends across categories

 Doughnuts

absorb fat in various amounts when they are cooked. An experiment is set up involving three types of fat: peanut oil, corn oil, and lard. Peanut oil and corn oil are unsaturated fats, and lard is a saturated fat. Along with determining whether the amount of fat absorbed depends on the type of fat used, you could set up an a priori contrast to determine whether the amount of fat absorption differs for saturated and unsaturated fats

For each group: number of cases, mean, standard deviation, standard error of the mean, minimum, maximum, and 95% confidence interval for the mean. Levene's test for homogeneity of variance, analysisof-variance table and robust tests of the equality of means for each dependent variable, user-specified a priori contrasts, and post hoc range tests and multiple comparisons: Bonferroni, Sidak, Tukey's honestly significant difference, Hochberg's GT2, Gabriel, Dunnett, Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch F test (R-E-G-W F), Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch range test (R-E-G-W Q), Tamhane's T2, Dunnett's T3, GamesHowell, Dunnett's C, Duncan's multiple range test, Student-Newman-Keuls (S-N-K), Tukey's b, WallerDuncan, Scheff, and least-significant difference

 COMPARE

SOME MEAN OF UNIVARIAT POPULATION (dependent variable) WITH SOME CATEGORY (FIXED FACTOR)

The GLM Univariate procedure provides regression analysis and analysis of variance for one dependent variable by one or more factors and/or variables. The factor variables divide the population into groups. Using this General Linear Model procedure, you can test null hypotheses about the effects of other variables on the means of various groupings of a single dependent variable. You can investigate interactions between factors as well as the effects of individual factors, some of which may be random. In addition, the effects of covariates and covariate interactions with factors can be included. For regression analysis, the independent (predictor) variables are specified as covariates

Both balanced and unbalanced models can be tested. A design is balanced if each cell in the model contains the same number of cases. In addition to testing hypotheses, GLM Univariate produces estimates of parameters. Commonly used a priori contrasts are available to perform hypothesis testing. Additionally, after an overall F test has shown significance, you can use post hoc tests to evaluate differences among specific means. Estimated marginal means give estimates of predicted mean values for the cells in the model, and profile plots (interaction plots) of these means allow you to easily visualize some of the relationships.

 Data

are gathered for individual runners in the Chicago marathon for several years. The time in which each runner finishes is the dependent variable. Other factors include weather (cold, pleasant, or hot), number of months of training, number of previous marathons, and gender. Age is considered a covariate. You might find that gender is a significant effect and that the interaction of gender with weather is significant