Impression materials

A brief introduction Dr saransh malot

Impression materials

Elastic

Rigid / Inelastic

Chemical reactions Temperature change Irreversible Reversible Chemical reactions Alginate Agar hydrocolloid Irreversible Elastomers Plaster of Paris Polysulphides ZnO Eugenol Polyethers Condensation silicon Addition silicon

Temperature change Reversible Impression compound Waxes

ELASTIC
Material susceptible to being stretched compressed or distorted and then tending to resume the original shape. Elastic impression materials are capable of accurately reproducing both the hard and the soft structures of the mouth including the undercut areas and interproximal

spaces

ADVANTAGE OF ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL OVER RIGID IMPRESSION MATERIAL Elastic impression material can be used in both dentulous and edentulous cases with undercuts. The distortion of elastic impression material when removed from an undercut is minimal.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL

1. REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS # Agar 2. IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS # Alginate 3. ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL # Polysulphide # Condensation polymerizing silicon # Poly ether # Addition polymerizing silicon

COLLOIDS
A solid, liquid or gaseous substance made up of large molecules or masses of smaller molecules that remain in suspension in a surrounding continuous medium of different matter. TYPES OF COLLOIDS
Aerosols---- liquids or solids in air Lysosols ------gas or liquid or solid in liquid. Foams---------gases in solid Solid emulsion liquids in solid Solid suspension -- solids in solid

HYDROCOLLOID

A colloid that contains water as the dispersion phase

GEL
A network of fibrils that form a weak slightly elastic brush heap structure of hydrocolloid

SOL-GEL TRANSFORMATION
If a hydrocolloid contains an adequate concentration of dispersed phase, a sol under certain conditions, may change to a semisolid material known as gel. In the gel state the dispersed phase agglomerates to form a chain of fibrils called micelles. These fibrils may branch and intermesh to form a brush heap structure. The dispersion medium is held in the interstices between the fibrils by capillary attraction or adhesion .

For agar secondary bonds hold the fibrils together. These bonds break at slightly elevated temperatures and become re-established as the hydrocolloid cools to room temperature. This process is reversible. In case of alginate the fibrils are formed by chemical action and the transformation is not reversible.

GELATION
Setting of reversible hydrocolloid
THERE IS A PHASE CHANGE FROM

SOL

GEL

LIQUIFACTION TEMPERATURE Temperature at which gel changes to sol. (70 -100c)

GELATION TEMPERATURE Temperature at which sol changes to gel.(37-50c)

HYSTERESIS The temperature lag between the liquefaction temperature and the gelation temperature.

IMBIBITION
The process of water sorption i.e. the gel swells when placed in water.

SYNERESIS
Expression of fluid on to the surface of gel structure.

AGAR
Agar is an organic hydrophilic
colloid (polysaccharide) extracted from a certain type of sea weed. It is a sulphuric ester of a linear polymer of galactose.

COMPOSITION
Agar --------------------Borates-----------------Sulphates----------------Wax----------------------Thixotropic material---Water--------------------13-17% 0.2-0.5% 1-2% 0.5-1% 0.3-0.5% more than 80%

AGAR

WATER

BORAX

It forms the main constituent but not by weight. Provides the dispersed phase of the sol and the continuous fibril structure to the gel. It provides the continuous phase in the sol and the second continuous phase in the gel. The amount controls the flow property of the sol and the physical properties of the gel. Is added to increase the strength or density of the gel by intermolecular attraction.

SULPHATES Acts as a plaster hardener i.e. counteracts the inhibiting effect of borax and agar on the setting of gypsum material. FILLERS Added to control the strength, viscosity and rigidity of the material. e.g. diatomaceous earth, silica, wax, rubber and similar inert powder. COLOR AND To improve the appearance FLAVOUR and taste.

GELATION TEMPERATURE:
The gelation temperature of agar is approximately 37C if the gelation temperature is too high it is possible that injury may result to the oral tissues involved , a sever surface stress may also develop . if the gelation temperature is too low it will be difficult or even impossible to chill the material to a temperature sufficiently low to obtain a firm gel adjacent to the oral tissues . According to ADA specification no. 11 gelation temperature must not be less then 37C or more then 45C.

GELATION TIME:
Gelation of the reversible hydrocolloids is a function of both temperature and time.

Available forms:
Syringe material Tray material The only difference between the syringe and the tray material is colour and the greater fluidity of the syringe material.

Manipulation:
Agar hydrocolloid requires special equipment. Hydrocolloid conditioning unit Water cooled rim lock trays.

PREPARATION OF THE MATERIAL :

First step is to reverse the hydrocolloid gel to the sol form. Usually done at 100C for 10min 3 min should be added to this time whenever the material is being reused. As it becomes difficult to break down the agar brush heap structure. After liquefaction material may be stored in sol condition. Storage temperature: 65C to 68C.

CONDITIONING OF THE MATERIAL:

This refers to the cooling of the material (also called as tempering of the material) Tempering is usually done at 43C for 7min. Although tempering time and temperature varies according to different product specifications and also operator choice but in any case tempering of the material should not exceed 10min since the gelation may proceed too far.

Uses of tempering: It increases the viscosity of the material so that the hydrocolloid does not flow out. It reduces the temperature of the material so that it is not uncomfortable for the patient.

IMPRESSION:
The syringe material is first filled in the prepared cavity or the desired area of impression. The tempered tray material in a tray is then seated in the oral cavity covering the already placed syringe material with passive pressure. Excess water from the surface of the tray material should be removed to facilitate proper union of the tray and the syringe material. Gelation is accomplished by circulating cool water at 18C to 21C through the tray for at least 5min. Care should be taken to prevent the movement of the tray during gelation. After complete gelation the impression is removed from the mouth with a single jerk to prevent the tearing of the impression.

Disinfection of the impression:

Disinfection of agar is very important to prevent cross infection since the material can be re-used. Disinfectant choice varies with the product according to the specifications of the manufacturer. Commonly used ones are iodophor, bleach, or glutaraldehyde

Dimensional Stability of the impression:

Gels are invariably subject to changes in dimension by syneresis and imbibition. Syneresis is the loss of water by evaporation from the surface of the gel or by exuding of fluids. Imbibition is the sorption of water which results in swelling up of the gel. Dimensional changes begin as soon as the impression is removed from the oral cavity. Storage of the impression in 100% relative humidity is suggested to prevent dimensional changes.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
According to the ADA specification number:- 11 the compressive strength should not be less the 0.245 MPa 1) Tear strength ----------- 800 to 900 gms/cm2 2) Flexibility ------------ 4 to 15 3) Working time is 7-15 min 4) Setting time is approximately 5 min 5) Elasticity and elastic recovery : recovery occurs upto 98.8%

Advantages:
Accurate dies can be prepared.
Due to good elasticity reproduction of undercuts is accurate.

It gives good model surface as it is not hydrophobic.

It is palatable and well tolerated by patients. It can be re-used

Disadvantages:
It cannot be electroplated. Material tears relatively easily. Only one model can be prepared. Extensive instrumentation is required to use agar. is used.

A soft surface of the gypsum cast results unless plaster hardener