Chapter 14

Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling for Attributes

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

Acceptance sampling is concerned with inspection and decision making regarding products. Three aspects of sampling are important: 1. Involves random sampling of an entire lot 2. Accept and Reject Lots (does not achieve quality improvement) Lot sentencing 3. Audit tool
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

Three approaches to lot sentencing: 1. Accept with no inspection 2. 100% inspection 3. Acceptance sampling

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

Why Acceptance Sampling and Not 100% Inspection? Testing is destructive Cost of 100% inspection is high 100% inspection is not feasible (require too much time) If vendor has excellent quality history
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

14-1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sampling Advantages Less expensive Reduced damage Reduces the amount of inspection error Disadvantages Risk of accepting bad lots, rejecting good lots. Less information generated Requires planning and documentation
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

14-1.2 Types of Sampling Plans There are variables sampling plans and attribute sampling plans (this chapter concentrates on attributes) 1. Single sampling plan 2. Double-sampling plan 3. Multiple-sampling plan 4. Sequential-sampling
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

14-1.3 Lot Formation Considerations before inspection:
Lots should be homogeneous Larger lots more preferable than smaller lots Lots should be conformable to the materialshandling systems used in both the vendor and consumer facilities.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

14-1.4 Random Sampling The units selected for inspection should be chosen at random. Random samples are not used, bias can be introduced. If any judgment methods are used to select the sample, the statistical basis of the acceptancesampling procedure is lost.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes

14-2.1 Definition of a Single-Sampling Plan
A single sampling plan is defined by sample size, n, and the acceptance number c. Say there are N total items in a lot. Choose n of the items at random. If at least c of the items are unacceptable, reject the lot. N = lot size n = sample size c = acceptance number d = observed number of defectives The acceptance or rejection of the lot is based on the results from a single sample - thus a single-sampling plan.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes

14-2.2 The OC Curve
The operating-characteristic (OC) curve measures the performance of an acceptance-sampling plan. The OC curve plots the probability of accepting the lot versus the lot fraction defective. The OC curve shows the probability that a lot submitted with a certain fraction defective will be either accepted or rejected.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes

14-2.3 Designing a Single-Sampling Plan with a Specified OC Curve
Let the probability of acceptance be 1 - for lots with fraction defective p1. Let the probability of acceptance be for lots with fraction defective p2. Assume binomial sampling (with type-B OC curves) is appropriate.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes

14-2.3 Designing a Single-Sampling Plan with a Specified OC Curve
The sample size n and acceptance number c are the solution to c n! d 1 p1 (1 p1 ) n d d 0 d!( n d )! c n! n d pd ( 1 p ) 2 2 d 0 d!( n d )!

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes

Example

Consider constructing a sampling plan for which

p1 = 0.01 = 0.05 p2 = 0.06 = 0.10 N = 1000

Using computer software or a graphical approach (using an appropriate binomial nomograph) it can be shown that the necessary values of n and c are 85 and 2, respectively.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

14-4.1 Description of the Standard Developed during World War II MIL STD 105E is the most widely used acceptance-sampling system for attributes Gone through four revisions since 1950. MIL STD 105E is a collection of sampling schemes making it an acceptance-sampling system
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

14-4.1 Description of the Standard Three types of sampling are provided for:
1. Single 2. Double 3. Multiple

Provisions for each type of sampling plan include

1. Normal inspection 2. Tightened inspection 3. Reduced inspection
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

14-4.1 Description of the Standard The acceptable quality level (AQL) is a primary focal point of the standard The AQL is generally specified in the contract or by the authority responsible for sampling. Different AQLs may be designated for different types of defects. Defects include critical defects, major defects, and minor defects. Tables for the standard provide are used to determine the appropriate sampling scheme.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

14-4.1 Description of the Standard Switching Rules Normal to tightened Tightened to normal Normal to reduced Reduced to normal Discontinuance of inspection
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

14-4.2 Procedure 1. Choose the AQL 2. Choose the inspection level 3. Determine the lot size 4. Find the appropriate sample size code letter from Table 14-4 5. Determine the appropriate type of sampling plan to use (single, double, multiple) 6. Enter the appropriate table to find the type of plan to be used. 7. Determine the corresponding normal and reduced inspection plans to be used when required.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

Example Suppose a product is submitted in lots of size N = 2000. The AQL is 0.65%. Say we wanted to generate normal single-sampling plans. For lots of size 2000, (and general inspection level II) Table 14-4 indicates the appropriate sample size code letter is K. From Table 14-5 for single-sampling plans under normal inspection, the normal inspection plan is n = 125, c = 2.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

14-4.3 Discussion There are several points about the standard that should be emphasized:
1. MIL STD 105E is AQL-oriented 2. The sample sizes selected for use in MIL STD 105E are limited 3. The sample sizes are related to the lot sizes. 4. Switching rules from normal to tightened and from tightened to normal are subject to some criticism. 5. A common abuse of the standard is failure to use the switching rules at all.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition

14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859)

14-4.3 Discussion ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 or ISO 2859 is the civilian standard counterpart of MIL STD 105E. Differences include:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Terminology nonconformity, nonconformance, and percent nonconforming is used. Switching rules were changed slightly to provide an option for reduced inspection without the use of limit numbers Several tables that show measures of scheme performance were introduced A section was added describing proper use of individual sampling plans when extracted from the system. A figure illustrating switching rules was added.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition