RS 1.2 Insinyur

Merekayasa Masa Depan
Pengenalan pada Rekayasa (Enjinyiring):
Pendekatan Komprihensif
1
Bab 1
Sejarah Rekayasa (Enjinyiring)
1.1 Pendahuluan
Definisi Enjinyiring
The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
1.2 Getting Started

Kebudayaan Prasejarah Zaman Komputer Kecepatan Perubahan Sejarah Quick Overview
1.3 Awal Mula Rekayasa

Masa prasejarah Mesir dan Mesopotamia
1.3 Gambar Piramida
1.4 The Overview Approach
Perekayasaan Kuil Yunani Jalan Roma dan Aqueducts Tembok Besar Cina
1.5 Bergerak Melalui Zaman
1200 SM 1M

Quality of wrought iron is improved Swords are mass produced Siege towers are perfected Greeks develop manufacturing Archimedes memperkenalkan matematika di Yunani Concrete is used for arched bridges, roads and aqueducts in Rome.
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: A.D. 1-1000
Chinese further develop the study of mathematics Gunpowder is perfected Cotton and silk manufactured
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1000-1400
Silk and glass industries continue to grow Leonardo Fibinacci, a medieval mathematician, writes the first Western text on algebra
10

First toilet is invented in England Galileo constructs a series of telescopes, with which he observes the rotation about the sun Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the existence of a vacuum Issac Newton constructs first reflecting telescopes Boyles Gas Law, stating pressure varies inversely with volume, is first introduced.
11

Industrial Revolution begins in Europe James Watt patents his first steam engine Society of Engineers, a professional engineering society, is formed in London First building made completely of cast iron built in England
12
Machine automation is first introduced in France First railroad locomotive is designed and manufactured Chemical symbols are developed, the same symbols used today (Au, He) Single wire telegraph line is developed
13

Reinforced concrete is first used First synthetic plastic material is created Bessemer develops his process to create stronger steel in mass quantities First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania Typewriter is perfected
14
Telephone is patented in the US by Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison invents the light bulb and the phonograph Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler Automobile introduced by Karl Benz
15
Wright brothers complete first sustained flight Ford develops first diesel engines in tractors First commercial flight between Paris and London begins Detroit becomes center of auto production industry
16
John Logie Baird invents a primitive form of television The VW Beetle goes into production First atomic bomb is used The transistor is invented
17
Computers first introduced into the market, and are common by 1960 Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, put into space by USSR First communication satelliteTelstar is put into space The U.S. completes the first ever moon landing
18
The Concord is first used for supersonic flight between Europe and the U.S. Columbia space shuttle is reused for space travel First artificial heart is successfully implanted
19
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1990-Present

Robots travel on Mars The Chunnel between England and France is finished GPS is used to predict and report weather conditions, as well as many other consumer applications
20
1.6 Case Study of Two Historic Engineers

Leonardo Da Vinci Gutenberg and His Printing Press
21
1.7 The History of the Disciplines
Aerospace Eng. Agricultural Eng. Chemical Eng. Civil Eng.
Computer Eng. Electrical Eng. Industrial Eng. Mechanical Eng.

22
1.7 History: Aerospace Engineering
Aerospace engineering is concerned with engineering applications in the areas of aeronautics (the science of air flight) and astronautics (the science of space flight).
23
1.7 History: Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural engineering focuses on:

Soil and water Structures and environment Electrical power and processing Food engineering Power and machinery
24
1.7 History: Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering applies chemistry to industrial processes, such as the manufacture of drugs, cements, paints, lubricants, and the like.
25
1.7 History: Civil Engineering
Civil engineering focuses on structural issues, such as:

Bridges and Highways Skyscrapers Industrial Plants and Power Plants Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals
26
1.7 History: Computer and Electrical Engineering
The worlds business is centered around computers, and their uses are only increasing Electrical is the largest branch of engineering Involved in:

Communication Systems Computers and Automatic Controls Power Generation and Transmission Industrial Applications
27
1.7 History: Industrial Engineering
Industrial engineers design, install, and improve systems that integrate people, materials, and machines to improve efficiency.
28
1.7 History: Mechanical Engineering
Deals with power, the generation of power, and the application of power to a variety of machines, ranging from HVAC to space vehicles.
29
Bab 2
Engineering Majors
30
2.1 Introduction
Several characteristics of students that might have an interest in engineering are:

Proficient skills in math and physical science An urging from a high school counselor Knows someone who is an engineer Knows that engineering offers literally dozens, if not hundreds of job opportunities Is aware that a degree in engineering is quite lucrative
31
2.1 Engineers and Scientists
Scientists seek technical answers to understand natural phenomenon Engineers study technical problems with a practical application always in mind For example
Scientists study atomic structure to understand the nature of matter; engineers study atomic structure to make smaller and faster microchips
32
2.1 The Engineer and the Engineering Technologist
Main difference between the two is:
Engineers design and manufacture machines and systems, while engineering technologists have the technical know-how to use and install the machines properly The technologist identifies the equipment necessary to assemble a new CD player; the engineer designs said CD player
33
An example:
2.1 What Do Engineers Do?
Ways to get information about careers:

Visit job fairs Attend seminars on campus by various employers Contact faculty with knowledge of engineering fields Get an intern or co-op position Enroll in an engineering elective course
34
2.1 What Engineers Do
35
2.2 Engineering Functions: Research
Research engineers are knowledgeable in principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics Computer know-how is also recommended A Masters Degree is almost always required, and a Ph. D is often strongly recommended
36
2.2 Engineering Functions: Development
Development engineers bridge the gap between the laboratory and the production facility They also identify problems in a potential product An example is the development of concept cars for companies like Ford and GM
37
2.2 Engineering Functions: Testing
Testing engineers are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product, making sure that it performs how it is supposed to, every time. T.E.s simulate instances and environments in which a product would be used Crash testing of a vehicle to observe effects of an air bag and crumple zone are examples of a testing engineers duties
38
2.2 Engineering Functions: Design
Design aspect is where largest number of engineers are employed Design engineers often work on components of a product, providing all the necessary specifics needed to successfully manufacture the product Design engineers regularly use computer design software as well as computer aided drafting software in their jobs
39
2.2 Engineering Functions: Design
Design engineers must also verify that the part meets reliability and safety standards required for the product A concern always on the mind of design engineers is how to keep the development of a part cost effective, which is taken into account during a design process
40
2.2 Engineering Functions: Analysis
Analysis engineers use computational tools and mathematic models to enrich the work of design and research engineers Analysis engineers typically have a mastery of: heat transfer, fluid flow, vibrations, dynamics, acoustics, and many other system characteristics
41
2.2 Engineering Functions: Systems
Responsible on a larger scale for bringing together components of parts from design engineers to make a complete product Responsible for making sure all components of a product work together as was intended by design engineers
42
2.2 Engineering Functions: Manufacturing & Construction

Work individually or in teams Responsible for molding raw materials into finished product Maintain and keep records on equipment in plant Help with design process to keep costs low
43
2.2 Engineering Functions: Operations & Maintenance
Responsible for maintaining production line Must have technical know-how to deal w/ problems Responsible for inspecting facility and equipment, must be certified in various inspection methods
44
2.2 Engineering Functions: Technical Support
Works between consumers and producers Not necessarily have in depth knowledge of technical aspects of product Must have good interpersonal skills
45
2.2 Engineering Functions: Customer Support
Often have more of a technical knowledge than Tech. Support, because they must be able to work with basic customers Evaluate whether or not a current practice is cost effective via feedback from customers
46
2.2 Engineering Functions: Sales
Sales engineers have technical background, but are also able to communicate effectively w/ customers Job market for sales engineers is growing, due to the fact that products are becoming more and more technically complex
47
2.2 Engineering Functions: Consulting
Are either self-employed, or work for a firm that does not directly manufacture products Consulting engineers might be involved in design, installation, and upkeep of a product Sometimes required to be a registered professional engineer in the state where he/she works 48
2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering
Previously known as aeronautical and astronautical engineering First space flight Oct. 4, 1957 (Sputnik I) KEY WORDS:
Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air over a streamlined surface or body. Propulsion engineers: develop quieter, more efficient, and cleaner burning engines.
49
2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering
KEY WORDS:
Structural engineers: use of new alloys, composites, and other new materials to meet design requirements of new spacecraft Control systems: systems used to operate crafts Orbital mechanics: calculation of where to place satellites using GPS
50
2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering
Concerned with finding ways to produce food more efficiently KEY WORDS
Harvesting Equip. - removes crops from field, and begins processing of food Structures: used to hold crops, feed, and livestock; Agricultural engineers develop and design the structures that hold crops
51
2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering
Food process engineers: concerned with making healthier processed food products Soil/Water Resources: working to develop efficient ways to use limited resources
52
2.3 Engineering Majors: Architectural Engineering
Structural: primarily concerned with the integrity of the building structure. Evaluates loads placed on buildings, and makes sure the building is structurally sound Mechanical systems: control climate of building, as well as humidity and air quality (HVAC) 53
2.3 Engineering Majors: Biomedical

First recognized in 1940s Three basic categories: Bioengineering, Medical, and Clinical Bioengineering is application of engineering principles to biological systems Medical engineers develop instrumentation for medical uses Clinical engineers develop systems that help serve the needs of hospitals and clinics
54
2.3 Engineering Majors: Chemical
Emphasizes the use of chemistry and chemical processes in engineering Chemical engineers develop processes to extract and refine crude oil and gas resources Chemical engineers also develop circuit boards, and work in the pharmaceutical industry, where processes are designed to create new, affordable drugs
55
2.3 Engineering Majors Civil Engineering

First seen in pyramids of Egypt Structural engineers most common type of civil engineer Transportation engineers concerned w/ design and construction of highways, railroads, and mass transit systems Surveyors start construction process by locating property lines and property 56 areas
2.3 Engineering Majors Computer Engineering
Focuses primarily on computer hardware, not software Work w/ electrical engineers to develop faster ways to transfer information, and to run the computer Responsible for the architecture of the computer system
57
2.3 Engineering Majors Electrical Engineering
More engineers are electrical than any other discipline With an ever growing technological society, electrical engineers will ALWAYS have a job Work in communications, microelectronics, signal processing, bioengineering, etc
58
2.3 Engineering Majors Environmental Engineering

Often coupled with Civil Engineering 3 aspects of environmental engineering:
Disposal: disposing of industrial/residential waste products Remediation: clean up of a contaminated site Prevention: working with corporations to reduce and/or prevent emissions and work to find ways to recycle products to be used again to reduce waste
59
2.3 Engineering Majors Industrial Engineering
Design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, material, and energy Emphasis placed on: Production, Manufacturing, Human Factors Area, and Operations Research Production focuses on plant layout, scheduling, and quality control Human Factors focuses on the efficient placement of human resources within a plant/facility 60
2.3 Engineering Majors Marine and Ocean Engineering
Concerned with the design, development, and operation of ships and boats Marine engineer designs and maintains the systems that operate ships, I.e. propulsion, communication, steering and navigation Ocean engineer design and operates marine equipment other than ships, such as submersibles. O.E.s might also work on submarine pipelines and/or cables and drilling platforms
61
2.3 Engineering Majors Materials Engineering
Study the structure, as well as other important properties of materials, I.e. strength, hardness, and durability Run tests to ensure the quality of the performance of the material Material Engineers also study metallurgy, and the development of composites and alloys
62
2.3 Engineering Majors Mechanical Engineering
Concerned with machines and mechanical devices Work in design, development, production, control, and operation of machines/devices Requires a strong math and physics background. Often 4 or more math classes required for graduation
63
2.3 Engineering Majors Mining Engineering
Work to maintain constant levels of raw minerals used every day in industrial and commercial settings Must discover, remove, process, and refine such minerals
64
2.3 Engineering Minerals Nuclear Engineering
Most concerned with producing and harnessing energy from nuclear sources Propulsion and electricity are the main uses of nuclear power Engineers also responsible for disposal of the nuclear waste byproduct, and how to keep people safe from harmful nuclear products
65
2.3 Engineering Majors Petroleum Engineering
Discover, remove, refine, and transport crude and refined oil around the world PEs design and operate the machinery used to refine crude oil into its many forms
66
Bab 3
Profiles of Engineers
67
3.1 Introduction

Diversity of the engineering work force Wide range of engineering careers that are possible
68
3.1 Profile of a Biomedical Engineer

Sue H. Abreu, Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Occupation:
Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army Medical Director, Quality Assurance, Womack Army Medical Center IDE (BSE, Biomedical Engineering), 1978 MD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 1982
69
Education:
3.1 Profile of an Aerospace Engineer

Patrick Rivera Anthony Occupation:
Project Manager, Boeing Space Beach BS, Aerospace Engineering
Education:
70
3.1 Profile of a Civil Engineer
Sandra Begay-Campbell, Boulder, Colorado Occupation:
AISES Executive Director

BSCE, 1987; MS, Structural Engineering, 1991
71
Education:
3.1 Profile of an Electrical Engineer

Ryan Maibach, Farmington, Michigan Occupation:
Project Engineer at Barton Malow Company BS-CEM (Construction Engineering and Management), 1996
Education:
72
3.1 Profile of an Agricultural Engineer

Mary E. Maley, Battle Creek, Michigan Occupation:
Project Manager, Kellogg Company BS, Agricultural Engineering (food engineering)
Education:
73
Bab 4
A Statistical Profile of the Engineering Profession
74
4.1 Statistical Overview

How many people study engineering? What are the most common majors? What kind of job market is there for engineers? How much do engineers earn? How many women and minorities study engineering?
75
4.2 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students
1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000 engineering students 1970s marked the lowest number of students, at 43,000 Engineering peaked in 1980s, with around 118,000 students
76
4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students
Of approximately 350,000 full-time undergrad engineering students, just less than 1/3 (124,000) were majoring in computer and electrical engineering Just over 32,000 were undecided
77
4.4 Degrees in Engineering
Steady decline in Engineering degrees awarded between 1986 and 1995. Since then, there have been many fluctuations, but as of data of 2000, there were 63,300 engineering degrees awarded For a long time, electrical awarded the highest number of degrees, but that was eventually replaced by mechanical engineering
78
4.5 Job Placement Trends
1999-2000 was the hottest year for engineering majors to find jobs As the number of engineering students declines, employers must fight harder to get whatever students they can get their hands on to fill vacant positions. This has led to a very promising job placement ratio
79
4.6 Salaries of Engineers
On the whole, engineers make more money than any other graduate with another degree Electrical, computer, and computer science recently have led the way, with average salaries from a Bachelor degree starting at around $52,000 A Ph.D. in computer science will earn a starting average of around $84,000
80
4.7 Diversity in the Profession
For a long time, white males dominated engineering Recently, women, foreign nationals, and various minority students have entered colleges and universities with an engineering diploma in mind
81
4.8 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study
Electrical engineering employs the highest number of engineers, nearly 25%, numbering close to 375,000 Mechanical employs almost 250,000 Civil is the next highest populated, with 200,000 workers
82
4.11 Words of Advice from Employers
Looking for graduates who possess:

Excellent communication skills Teamwork Leadership Computer/Technical proficiency Hard working attitude
83
Bab 5
Global and International Engineering
84
5.1 Introduction
After WWII, engineering became a more global business. Taking a few foreign language classes in college cannot hurt, but only help your chances at getting a job after college.
85
5.2 The Evolving Global Market: Changing World Maps &

Alliances

Breakup of former USSR New laws, regulations, policies have affected the spread of international engineering
86
5.2 NAFTA
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Mexico, Canada) Designed to reduce tariffs, and increase international competition Manufacturing trade has increased by 128% between Canada, US, and Mexico since 1994
87
5.3 International Opportunities For Engineers
Engineers are employed internationally in:

Automobile Industry Manufacturing Construction Pharmaceuticals Food Industry Petroleum and Chemical Industry Computer and Electronics Industry Telecommunications
88
5.4 Preparing for a Global Career
Students who look to work internationally should:

Be language and culturally proficient Should participate in study abroad programs Look into work international work experience and Co-Op opportunities
89
Bab 6
Future Challenges
90
6.1 Expanding World Population
1900-2000, world population climbs from 1.6 billion to 6 billion people

Places new stress on conservation of resources, and gives engineers new challenges to compensate for high population
91
6.2 Pollution
Engineers concerned with management and the control of pollution, especially:

Air pollution Water pollution and the depletion of freshwater resources Management of solid waste
92
6.3 Energy
It is predicted that energy usage in the Developing Countries will more than double in the next 30 years Engineers must find new ways to generate power in an effort to conserve natural resources (fossil fuels)
93
6.5 Infrastructure
With mass transportation an everpresent problem, engineers will be responsible in the future for designing and maintaining a system by which the transportation of raw materials, as well as the human capital that process them, can easily and efficiently move from place to place
94
Bab 7
Succeeding in the Classroom
95
7.2 Attitude
Success in an engineering curriculum depends largely on a students attitude and work ethic If the students attitude is one of failure, the student will most likely fail Keep an open mind, and be willing to work with the professor in order to best understand the material
96
7.3 Goals
Set goals that will be difficult to attain, but not impossible This will motivate the student to work hard, not just hard enough to do the minimum, but to reach their higher standard/goal Set short, intermediate, and long term goals
GPA for a semester, grade on an upcoming exam, GPA for a year/college career 97
7.4 Keys to effectiveness

GO TO CLASS Allow 2 hrs. of study time outside of class for every hour in class Re-read sections of book covered in class Keep up with class and reading Take good notes Work lots of problems, not just the minimum amount for homework Study in groups
98
7.5 Test Taking

Obtain past exams Ask professor for practice exams Work problems in book Start with problems you know how to do, then work on the harder problems Skim test first, to see what will basically be covered
99
7.6 Making the Most of Your Professor
Dont wait until the end of the semester to go for help If you make yourself visible in class and during office hours, the professor may remember you while grading Teaching is not professors only responsibility, often the are researchers and advisors as well, so give them the benefit of the doubt
100
7.7 Learning Styles

Baca lagi STRATEGI SUKSES DI KAMPUS! Each persons brain is unique to him or her Proper nutrition, stress, drugs and alcohol are some of the factors that can affect a developing brain Each person is born with all the brain cells, or neurons, they will ever have (estimated at 180 billion neurons)
101
7.7 Learning Styles
None of us is ever too old or too dumb to learn something new! People think and memorize in several different ways
102
7.7 Learning Styles
Memorizing:
Refers to how people assimilate new material to existing knowledge and experience How we accommodate, or change our previous way of organizing material
103
7.7 Learning Styles
Thinking:
Refers to how we see the world, approach problems and use the different parts of our brain.
104
7.7 Learning Styles

We all have different learning styles Memory Languages:

Auditory Visual Kinesthetic
105
7.7 Learning Styles
Auditory Learner:

Buy a small tape recorder and record lectures Sit where you can hear the professor well Focus on what is said in class, take notes from the tape recorder later Ask the professor questions Read out loud to yourself Keep visual distractions to a minimum
106
7.7 Learning Styles
Visual Learner: Sit where you can see the professor and board or screen clearly Write notes during lecture with lots of pictures and meaningful doodles Rewrite notes later in a more organized fashion and highlight main ideas Write out questions to ask the professor Highlight and take notes in your book
107
7.7 Learning Styles
Kinesthetic Learners:

TAKE Labs! Make connections between what is being said and what youve done in the past Talk to professor about ways to gain more hands-on experience, such as volunteering in his/her lab Use models or experiments at home
108
7.7 Learning Styles
Thinking Skills:
Refers to how we see the world, approach problems and use the different parts of our brain Different people think differently Two hemispheres in our brain, and four quadrants generally categorize how we think
109
7.7 Learning Styles
110
7.8 Well Rounded Equals Effective
Make sure to balance social, intellectual, and physical activities in your schedule Well rounded students are generally more effective than students with a one-track mind
111
7.9 Your Effective Use of Time

Decide in advance what to study and when Make schedules Use calendars effectively Organize tasks by priority level Stay focused on task **Remember, everyone will fail at some point, its how you respond to a failure that determines your future success or failure
112
Bab 8
Problem Solving
113
8.1 Introduction
Problem solving requires many tools and skills. Make sure that you have them, or at least know where to find them and how to use them
114
8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving
Two basic types of problem solving involved in design process: creative and analytic More students familiar with analytic, where there is one right answer Creative problem solving has no right answers
115
8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving
Steps that typically help w/ problem solving

Make a model/figure Identify necessary, desired and given info Work backwards from answers Restate problem in ones own words Check the solution and validate it
116
8.3 Analytic Problem Solving
Six steps to analytic problem solving:
Define the problem and create a problem statement Diagram and describe the problem Apply theory and any known equations Simplify assumptions Solve necessary problems Verify accuracy of answer to desired level
117
8.4 Creative Problem Solving
Use divergence and convergence to gather and analyze ideas. Divergence is brainstorming. Convergence is analyzing and evaluating the ideas, seeking out the best possible solutions What is wrong? What do we know? What is the real problem? What is the best solution? How do we implement the solution?
118
Bab 9
Visualization and Graphics
119
9.1-9.2 Visualization
Visualization is often used as a mode of communication between engineers Sketches, tables, graphs, computer generated drawings, blueprints are various ways in which engineers communicate via visual mediums
120
9.3 Sketching
Although most final drawings are computer generated, initial and freehand sketches are vital to the design process Freehand does not mean messy. Sketches should display an adequate amount of detail, and any pertinent notes/comments pertaining to the drawing
For instance, if a line is supposed to be straight, make it as straight as possible. A square will not pass for a circle.
121
9.7 Graphical Communication
Oblique and isometric drawings are 3D and general Orthographic drawings are 2D, more detailed, and often have dimensions for the part Object, Hidden, Centerline, and Construction are 4 common types of lines used in engineering graphics
122
Bab 10
Computer Tools
123
10.1-10.6 Computer Tools for Engineers
There are many aspects to the design process of a product Engineers must be competent in basic computer tools such as the internet, word processing, and basic spreadsheets Engineers will most likely be required to have some knowledge of mathematical software, such as MatLab Engineers also make computer presentations using most commonly, Microsoft PowerPoint
124
10.7-10.8 Operating Systems and Programming Language
Engineers may be required to have experience or be expected to be able to work in UNIX, MS-DOS, or a Microsoft Windows System Computers work on series of 1s and 0s, called binary code FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and C++ are all programming languages used by engineers to communicate with the computer
125
Bab 11
Teamwork Skills
126
11.1 Teamwork
Corporations develop teams for many reasons
Projects are becoming increasingly complex Projects often span international borders, and require workers all over Projects are requiring more speed, which require more workers
127
11.2 What Makes a Successful Team?

A common goal Leadership Each member makes unique contributions Effective communication Creativity Good planning and use of resources
128
11.4 Team Leadership Structures
Traditional: One leader, who directs subordinates. Leader typically is the only one who speaks. Participative: Leader is closer to individual workers. Flat: There is no leader. All members are equal. The leadership moves with the situation to the worker with the most expertise in a given subject
129
11.5 Decisions within a Team
Consensus: All team members agree on a decision Majority Rule Minority/Committee decision Expert input
130
11.7 Grading a Team Effort

Did the team accomplish its goal? Were results of a high quality? If not, why? Did the team grow throughout the process? Evaluate the team leader Evaluate the other members of the team Evaluate your own contribution to the project
131
Bab 12
Project Management
132
12.1 Introduction

Failure to plan is planning to fail. A good plan is one of the most important attributes of successful teams and projects. Projects should be organized systematically.
133
12.1 Eight Questions that can be Addressed with a Plan

What to do first? Next? How many people? What resources? How long? Time table? Deadlines? Objectives?
134
12.2 Creating a Project Charter

A project summary Defining what your project is and when you will know when it is done Elements include

Deliverables Duration Stakeholders Team members

135
12.3 Task Definitions
Identify the completion tasks to achieve the objectives and outcomes

Plan Design Build Deliver
136
12.3 Plans
Plans should include:

Who to hold accountable for progress Needed materials, resources, etc. How to determine if the project is on schedule Manage people and resources Determine the end!
137
12.4 Milestones

Monitoring of your plans progress Deadlines for deliverables Completion of subcomponents
138
12.5 Defining Times

Include the full time needed for tasks As a student, you dont have a full eight-hour work day every day
Break tasks into week segments
Weekday and/or weekend
Class periods No more than a week or two

139
Break tasks into short time periods
12.6 Organizing the Tasks
Determine task relationships and sequencing Relate the task groups from your outline
140
12.7 PERT Charts
141
12.7 PERT Charts
Each task is represented by a box containing a brief description of and duration for the task The boxes can be laid out just as the project plan is laid out Useful as a what if tool during planning stages
142
12.8 Critical Paths
The longest string of dependant project tasks
Ex. prerequisites such as the math curriculum for engineering
Some tasks can be accelerated by using more people, others cannot
Ex. nine people cannot have the same baby in one month
143
12.9 Gantt Charts
Popular project management charting method Horizontal bar chart Tasks vs. dates
144
12.9 Gantt Charts
145
12.10 Details, Details
Remember Murphys Law - Anything that can go wrong, will. Leave time to fix debug or fix errors
146
12.10 Details, Details
Dont assume things will fit together the first time Order parts well in advance to leave time for shipping, errors, or backorders Leave time for parts malfunction Push delivery times back to a week before theyre actually due this will help to avoid panic if things go badly
147
12.11 Personnel Distribution

Get the right people on the right tasks Assign people after developing a draft of the plan Balance the work between everyone Weekly updates does everyone understand what theyre doing and is everyone still on task?
148
12.12 Money and Resources
Develop a budget
Extra costs
Estimate with high, middle, and lower quality products offer a range of solutions
Shipping Travel Extra parts such as nails, screws, resistors Material costs and labor
Have someone be responsible for managing the budgets and financial aspects
149
12.13 Document As You Go

Document milestones as they occur Leave time at the end for reviewing, not writing
150
12.14 Team Roles
Roles

Project Leader or Monitor Procurement Financial Officer Liaison
Project Management Software
151
12.14 Project Leader or Monitor

Designate a leader, or rotate leaders Monitor and track progress of milestones Maintains timelines Increases likelihood of meeting goals
152
12.14 Procurement

Learns purchasing system Tracks team orders
153
12.14 Financial Officer

Manages teams expenses Creates original budget Makes identifying budgetary problems easier
154
12.14 Liaison
Responsible for keeping everyone informed about the progress of the plan and any changes This includes outside customers, management, professors, etc.
155
Bab 13
Engineering Design
156
13.1 Engineering Design
Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process in which the basic sciences and mathematics and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, and testing.
157
13.2 The Design Process

1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
10.
Identify the problem Define the working criteria/goals Research and gather data Brainstorm ideas Analyze potential solutions Develop and test models Make decision Communicate decision Implement and commercialize decision Perform post-implementation review
158
Bab 14
Communication Skills
159
14.1 Why do we Communicate?

Transfers important information Provides basis for judging ones knowledge Conveys interest and competence Identifies gaps in your own knowledge
160
14.2-14.3 Oral and Written Communication Skills
Present communication on a level that you believe will be easily understood by whomever is to be receiving your communication
Dont use big words if a smaller, easier-tounderstand word will suffice.
161
14.5 Power of Language

Be as clear as possible Avoid clichs Avoid redundancy Avoid using jargon specific to a certain group of people Dont make sexual generalizations, I.e. his, hers, he, she
162
14.6 Technical Writing

Identify thesis early Follows a specific format Follows a problem solving approach Uses specialized vocabulary Often incorporates visual aids Complete set of references Be objective, not biased either way
163
14.9 Formal Reports
Should include:
Title; short and concise Summary of what will be discussed Table of Contents (not including abstract) Introduction
Analysis Procedure and Results Discussion of results Conclusions References Appendices
164
14.10 Other forms of Communication

E-mail Progress reports Problem statements Cover letters Resumes
165
Bab 15
Ethics
166
15. The Nature of Ethics
Ethics is generally concerned with rules or guidelines for morals and/or socially approved conduct Ethical standards generally apply to conduct that can or does have a substantial effect on peoples lives
167
Bab 16
Units
168
16.1 History of Units
A common denomination of units is essential for the development of trade and economics around the world National Bureau of Standards, established by Congress, adopted the English system of measurement (12 inches, etc) Majority of nations in the world today operate on the metric system because of its simplicity (multiples of 10)
169
16.1 History of Units - SI Units
Le Systeme International dUnites,
French for the International System of Units Improvements in the definitions of the base units continue to be made by the General Conference of Weights and Measures as science dictates
170
16.2 The SI System of Units
Modernized metric system adopted by the General Conference, a multinational organization which includes the United States Built on a foundation of seven base units, plus two supplementary ones All other SI units are derived from these nine units
171
Multiples and sub-multiples are expressed using a decimal system Generally, the first letter of a symbol is capitalized if the name of the symbol is derived from a persons name, otherwise it is lowercase
172
Base Units in the SI system

Meter = m Kilogram = kg Seconds = s Ampere = A Kelvin = K Mole = mol Candela = cd

173
16.3 Derived Units
Expressed algebraically in terms of base and supplementary units Several derived units have been given special names and symbols, such as the newton (N).
174
16.3 Derived Units
Quantities whose units are expressed in terms of base and supplementary units
Quantity Area SI Unit SI Symbol m2 m/s Kg/m3
175
Square meter Speed, Meter per velocity second Density Kilogram per cubic meter
16.3 Derived Units
Quantities whose units have special names

Quantity SI Name hertz newton ohm SI Symbol Hz N W Other SI Units cycle/s kg*m/s2 V/A
176
Frequency Force Electrical Resistance
16.3 Derived Units
Units used with the SI System Symbol Value in SI Units min h 1 min = 60 s 1 h = 3600 s 1 = p/180 rad
177
Name Minute Hour Degree
16.4 Prefixes

Defined for the SI system Used instead of writing extremely large or very small numbers All items in a given context should use the same prefix, for example in a table Notation in powers of 10 is often used in place of a prefix
178
16.4 Prefixes
Multiplication Prefix Symbol Factor 1000000 = 106 mega M 1000 = 103 .001 = 10-3 kilo milli k m m Term (USA) One million One thousand One thousandth One millionth
179
.000001 = 10-6 micro
16.5 Numerals
A space is always left between the numeral and the unit name or symbol, except when we write a degree symbol
SI units a space is used to separate groups of three in a long number

3 m = 3 meters; 8 ms = 8 milliseconds
This is optional when there are four digits in a number (3456 = 3 456; .3867 = .386 7)
180
3,000,000 = 3 000 000 .000005 = .000 005
16.5 Numerals
A zero is used for numbers between -1 and 1 to prevent a faint decimal point from being missed Rounding Significant Digits
181
16.6 Conversions
To convert from: Degrees Inches To: Radians Centimeters Multiply by: 0.017 453 2.54
Newtons
Pounds
0.224 81
182
Bab 17
Mathematics Review
183
17.1 Algebra
Three basic laws

Commutative: a + b = b + a Distributive: a ( b + c ) = a b + a c Associative: a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c
184
17.1 Algebra
Exponents

Used for many manipulations Examples
xa xb=xa+b xab=(xa)b
Logarithms
Related to exponents
bx = y then x = logby Table 17.1.5

185
17.1 Algebra
Quadratic Formula
Binomial Theorem

Solves ax2 + bx + c = 0 Formula 17.1.6

Used to expand (a+x)n Formula 17.1.7 Used for simplifying rational fractions Formulas 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.1.11
Partial Fractions

Examples
186
17.2 Trigonometry
Involves the ratios between sides of a right triangle sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant are the primary functions Trigonometry identities are often used
For all triangle we can also use the laws of sines and cosines Some other equations that can be found in your book are
17.2.3, 17.2.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 17.2.7
Examples
Pythagorean Theorem 17.2.10 Hyperbolic Trig Functions 17.2.11
187
17.3 Geometry

Used to analyze a variety of shapes and lines The equation for a straight line
Ax + By + C = 0
This equation can also be written in Pint-slope, Slopeintercept, and Two-intercept forms
Distance between a line and a point is given in Formula 17.3.5 The general equation of the second degree is
Ax 2 2 Bxy Cy 2 2 Dx 2 Ey F 0
188
17.3 Geometry
This equation is used to represent conic sections

Classified on page 473 Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola
More information on pages 474-475
Examples
189
17.4 Complex Numbers
Complex numbers consist of a real (x) and imaginary (y) part

x+iy where i= In electrical engineering j is used instead of i because i is used for current
Useful to express in polar form Eulers equation is also commonly used
x iy re i
ei cos i sin

Other useful equations can be found on page 477 Examples

190
17.5 Linear Algebra
Used to solve n linear equations for n unknowns
Determinants of matrices are often used in calculations
Uses m x n matrices Many manipulations of this basic equation are shown on page 479
Eigenvalues are used to solve first-order differential equations Examples

n ik kj
Illustrated on page 480
c a b
ij k 1
aij aij Aij

j 1
( A I ) x 0
191
17.6 Calculus
We first write derivatives using limits
Some basic derivatives are shown on pages 484-485 Used to indicate points of inflection, maxima, and minima LHospials rule when f(x)/g(x) is 0 or infinity 17.6.6
192
17.6 Calculus
Inversely we have integration

Used for finding the area under a curve Equation 17.6.7 Can be used to find the length of a curve Used to find volumes Definite when there are limits When indefinite a constant is added to the solution Basic Integrals on page 486
Examples
193
17.7 Probability and Statistics
The probability of one events occurrence effects the probability of another event Probabilities
n! P ( n, r ) (n r )!
Many combinations can occur
(n 1)! P ( n, r ) (n r )!
C (n, r )
n! r!(n r )!
P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B) P(A and B)=P(A)P(B) P(not A) = 1-P(A) P(either A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)

194
17.7 Probability and Statistics

Probability ranges from 0 to 1 Additional equations on page 490

Arithmetic Mean Median Mode Standard Deviation Variance
Examples
195
Bab 18
Engineering Fundamentals
196
18.1 Statics
Concerned with equilibrium of bodies subjected to force systems The two entities that are of the most interest in statics are forces and moments.
197
18.1 Statics
Force:
The manifestation of the action of one body upon another. Arise from the direct action of two bodies in contact with one another, or from the action at a distance of one body upon another. Represented by vectors
198
18.1 Statics
Moment:
Can be thought of as a tendency to rotate the body upon which it acts about a certain axis. The system of forces acting on a body is one whose resultant is absolutely zero
Equilibrium:
199
18.1 Statics
Free Body Diagrams (FBD):
Neat sketch of the body showing all forces and moments acting on the body, together with all important linear and angular dimensions.
200
18.2 Dynamics
Separated into two sections:
Kinematics
Study of motion without reference to the forces causing the motion Relates the forces on bodies to their resulting motions
Kinetics
201
18.2 Dynamics
Newtons laws of motion:

1st Law The Law of Inertia 2nd Law F=ma 3rd Law Fab=-Fba Law of Gravitation
202
18.3 Thermodynamics
Involves the storage, transformation and transfer of energy.
Stored as internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy Transformed between these various forms Transferred as work or heat transfer
203
18.3 Thermodynamics
There are many definitions, laws, and other terms that are useful to know when studying thermodynamics.
204
18.3 Thermodynamics
A few useful definitions:
System
A fixed quantity of matter A volume into which and/or from which a substance flows
Control Volume (open system)
Universe
A system and its surrounding

205
18.3 Thermodynamics
Some Laws of ideal gases:
Boyles Law
Volume varies inversely with pressure
Charles Law
Volume varies directly with temperature

Equal volumes of different ideal gasses with the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules
206
Avagadros Law
18.4 Electrical Circuits
Interconnection of electrical components for the purpose of:
Generating and distributing electrical power Converting electrical power to some other useful form Processing information contained in an electrical form
207

Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) Steady State Transient circuit
208

Quantity
Charge
Symbol
Q
Unit
coulomb
Current
Voltage
I
V
ampere
volt
Energy
Power
W
P
joule
watt
209
Circuit Components:

Resistors Inductors Capacitors Voltage Current

210
Sources of Electrical Energy
Kirchhoffs Laws

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) V=IR
Ohms Law
211
Reference Voltage Polarity and Current Direction Circuit Equations

Using Branch Currents Using Mesh Currents
Circuit Simplification DC Circuits

212
18.5 Economics
Value and Interest
The value of a dollar given to you today is of greater value than that of a dollar given to you one year from today
Cash Flow Diagrams Cash Flow Patterns Equivalence of Cash Flow Patterns
213
Bab 19
The Campus Experience
214
19.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus

Introduction to Campus Life Tools to assist students to adjusting to the college lifestyle
215
19.2 Exploring
Begin by becoming familiar with some different locations on campus

Offices Dorms Classroom Buildings
Engineering Building
Sample map of Michigan State University Campus

216
19.3 Determining and planning your Major

Narrow down to a few different majors Ask questions of insightful people Look for any opportunity to learn more about each field
217
19.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions

Active questioners learn the most Questions help students understand and complete tasks Communication skills are vital to engineers
Understanding information given Giving information that is understandable

218
19.5 The People Issue
Meeting People
Make friends of other engineers

Helpful as study partners Offer perspective on engineering
Academic Advisor
Advisors are an excellent resource

Discuss problems Information about the school, classes, and instructors
Offer guidance for graduating and careers

219
19.5 The People Issue
Instructors
Ask other students about an Instructor before signing up for the class Sit in on a class to see their teaching style Keep in contact with friends and acquaintances Useful for assistance and support in and out of the classroom
220
Networking
19.6 Searching for Campus Resources

Every school has a document or website that lists activities and opportunities Examples
Things to Do, Places to Go
Whats Happening
Planetarium, Gardens, Museum, Union Academic calendar, calendar of events
Library locations and hours Services
Extracurricular Activities
Legal aid, counseling, financial aid
221
19.7 Other Important Issues
Managing Time

Control time to achieve success Recommended Reading Engineering requires the extensive use of technical and non-technical materials

The Usefulness of Reading
Read each paragraph for its central point Create outlines for each reading assignment
222
Fulfilling Duties

Engineers have a responsibility to society Contributing to Society brings its own reward
Using the Web
Use the internet to look up more information on topics of interest outside the classroom Most contacts use email for some part of their interaction
223
Sending e-mail
Test-taking Skills
Preparing outlines as subject matter is presented will make studying easier Form study groups Ask questions Organize information Highlight essential information
224
Taking Notes
Study Skills
Teaching Styles

Should be calm, structured, and routine Remember to get up and move a few times in an hour Reward yourself for studying
Variety of Instructors including graduate students Fully engage professors and ask questions Discover your Learning Style and use it to your advantage
225
Learning Styles
Perspectives of others

Learn to listen to others respectfully Be open to discussion of a variety of topics Dialogue does not need to be confrontational Allow others to express their opinions Listen carefully to what other people say
226
Listening Skills
Handling Stress

Include time to relax in your schedule Take classes for the right reason Do not resent required classes Approach weak points with a positive attitude Focus on learning instead of grades Be patient for results of increased studying Stress can not be avoided Talking out problems can help
227
19.8 Final Thoughts
Use the concepts from this Bab to make the college experience all it can be. Dont forget to ask questions!!!
228
Bab 20
Financial Aid
229
20.1 Intro
What costs are involved in going to college?

Tuition Other college or university fees Cost-of-living expenses Other extras
230
20.2 Parental Assistance
Some parents are able and willing to cover all of your college expenses On average, nine million students must find ways to fund their college education every fall
231
20.3 Is Financial Assistance for You?
Applying for Financial Aid
Three areas:

Grants and scholarships Loans Work
Need vs. Non-need Academic qualifications
Why apply?
232
Budgeting
Advisors available to assist with personal budgeting Help estimate costs and income and develop a plan Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)
233
How to apply
FAFSA

http://www.fafsa.gov First thing to complete to become eligible for aid Can apply as early as January for the following fall semester Look up the information required before starting to fill out the form
234
20.4 Scholarships
Educational funds that do not need to be repaid Public, private, or university sources
Local high school, professional groups, corporations, service organizations, government, college, etc.
It is your responsibility to seek out private scholarships/grants

235
20.5 Loans
May be secured from lending institutions and state and federal loan programs Students who apply for financial aid will be notified of their eligibility for both student and parent federal loans Loans can be obtained from parents or relative who feel that you should repay the money that is required to put you through school
236
20.6 Work-Study
Earning money the old-fashioned way
On- or off-campus employment during school Summer jobs Internships Co-ops
Requires careful management of time

237
20.6 Work-Study
Work-Study:
Employment subsidized by the federal or state government Will be listed on your financial aid award letter is you are eligible
Just Plain Work Volunteering Full Semester Off-Campus Employment

238
20.6 Work-Study
Cooperative Education
Academic program in which college students are employed in positions directly related to their major field of study Alternating, Parallel, and Back-to-back semesters
239
20.7 Scams to Beware
Do your own homework to avoid scholarship service rip-offs Check with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm
240
20.8 The Road Ahead Awaits
Examine the many different sources available to you for obtaining the funds needed for your college expenses How much do you actually need? Correct forms and deadlines
241
Bab 21
Engineering Work Experience
242
21.1 A Job and Experience

How do you get experience without a job, and how do you get a job without experience? Graduate schools and employers look for experiences outside the classroom Incorporating career experience is a worthwhile consideration
Many Economic shifts have happened in a college students lifetime

May extend college to 6 years 1980-1983: 1983-1986: 1988-1994: 1994-2001: 2001-2003: 2004:
Major Recession Revival of U.S. Economy Restructuring of Corporate America Vigorous Rebound of Economy Recession Signs of improvement in the labor market for engineers
243
21.1 A Job and Experience
In good and bad times employers look for Engineers with job-related experience

Engineers require less training Faster results
Many different Experiences are available

244
21.2 Summer Jobs
Even jobs such as baby-sitting and mowing lawns is a place to start All jobs help develop basic employable skills
Provide stepping stone to better, more career related jobs Skills include teamwork, communication, and problem solving
Help you discover what working environments you like

245
21.3 Volunteer
Especially useful to freshmen and sophomores to gain experience Generally volunteer positions are with non-profit organizations Not a paid experience Useful in developing skills Able to experiment with different career related fields
246
21.4 Supervised Independent Study
Designed for the advanced undergraduate
Preparatory for grad school or a career in Research
Some are paid and others award credit Provides a unique experience Challenging in many different areas To learn more
Talk to professors that share similar interests

247
21.5 Internships
Paid or unpaid experience for a set period of time
Usually during the summer No obligations for future employment
Sometimes they support other engineers Other times they are given individual projects No official evaluation or credit given Short term projects
Obtain a description of these projects prior to employment to assure it is of interest
Great for students with time, curriculum, and location constraints

248
21.6 Co-operative Education

Cooperative Education is often the preferred form of experimental Learning Co-ops are considered to be academic and are administered by the college Assignments are directly related to field of study
Detailed job descriptions are used to create the best possible matches
Alternating terms of school with work at the same company

School and work are closely integrated
Projects become more extensive throughout the experience Term in school followed by a term at work followed by a term at school and so on
249
Parallel co-ops is an alternative
Sometimes a longer alternating approach is used

Students are partially enrolled in classes and spend 20 to 25 hours at work Difficulties arise in allowing ample time for both areas
Students work two consecutive semesters then attend class for a semester or two Allows for longer projects
Some schools use all three methods Co-ops are rarely summer only
Requires a three or four semester commitment

250
Break between work assignments is too long
Advantages for Students
Consideration for employment and grad school Improved technical skills Helps determine career path Excellent pay
Recruiting Co-op students is more cost efficient Many students accept full time positions with their employer More diverse and dedicated students Students free up other engineers and bring in fresh approaches
Advantages for Employers

251
Advantages for Schools
Integrates theory and practice Keeps faculty informed of trends in industry Creates relationships between schools and businesses Improves a schools reputation
Communication Skills Networking Self-discipline Management Experience Interactions with a variety of people
252
Other Benefits

21.7 Which is Best for You?
Some Questions to help determine which is best for you
Am I willing to sacrifice convenience for the best experience? How flexible can I be? How committed do I want to be?
Seek out advice from professors, academic advisors, and campus placement officers
253
Bab 22
Connections: Liberal Arts and Engineering
254
22.1 What are Connections?
Connections exist between engineering and liberal arts

Literature History Music Art Social studies Philosophy

255
22.1 What are Connections?
Look closely at what engineers really are and what they really do liberal comes from liberty, so that liberal arts means works befitting a free man Need for a general education
Developed because people have a need for a strong, open mind in addition to a specialty in order to be well-rounded Not trapped by cultural blind-spots
256
22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?
Liberal arts help improve your broadness

Look in many directions at once Questions about areas that do not have pre-set answers Expected to be a leader
257
The Arts Improve:
Your Perspective
See the big picture Practice dealing with a variety of diverse ideas Be aware of things that modern tendencies avoid or neglect
258
Your Balance
Your People Skills
The Arts Improve:
Your Sense of Duty and Responsibility
Elevate, integrate, and unify the standards of the profession Fulfill your duty in life, so society respects you more
259
Appendix A:
The Basics of Power Point
260
A.1 Introduction
The purpose of this section is to introduce a user to PowerPoint

Learn 20 key procedures Be able to do 80% of everything you will ever need to do
To learn more experiment with the software

261
A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint
To begin open a blank presentation
Activate the standard, formatting, drawing, picture, and WordArt toolbars
Select a slide type for the first slide Select a background Enter text into given text blocks

Edit the text and box sizes and shapes Add additional text boxes selecting Insert-TextBox Insert WordArt as necessary
262
Insert any pictures
Click Insert-Picture-From File Format the picture using the Picture toolbar
Click Insert-Picture-Clip Art Picture Toolbar is used for formatting
Insert Clip Art
Change visibility of an object by right clicking on an object and then selecting Order from the menu To Delete objects click on it and press backspace or delete
263
To begin a new slide click the new slide button
Repeat from the beginning to format

Useful for arranging or hiding slides for presentations Can be used when copying or deleting whole slides
View slides by thumbnails in the Slide Sorter View

Save your work when finished Change slide transitions and animations View the entire Show
264
Appendix B:
Introduction to MATLAB
265
B.1 Introduction

MATRIX LABORATORY Powerful tool in performing engineering computations Many engineering curricula have moved to making MATLAB the primary computing tool in its undergraduate program Can be run on many different platforms, including UNIX, PC, and Macintosh.
266
B.2 MATLAB Environment
Command window
Use to run your programs and see the results Shows a history of the commands that have been entered into the command window Allows you to start applications and demonstrations by clicking the icons in the window
267
Command History window
Launch Pad window
Demonstration Programs
>>demo >>help <command name> >>lookfor topic >>helpwin Apple apple APPLE aPPle
268
Help Files

MATLAB is case sensitive
Helpful commands
>>who
Allows the user to see the variables currently in memory Erase the memory
>>clear
>>clear <variable>
Clears just that variable

269
MATLAB has some predefined functions that should not be used to name variables A few variable names to avoid:
ans Inf NaN i j realmin

270
B.3 Symbolic Manipulations
To declare variables as a symbol
>> syms x y >>solve (x^2-4) >>diff (y^3) >>int (sin(x))

271
Algebraic expressions
Symbolic derivatives
Symbolic integrals
B.4 Saving and Loading Files
To find out the identity of your working directory, type pwd (print working directory) Use cd to change the working directory
>>cd c:\matlab\mystuff
The file can be saved using save at the MATLAB prompt

272
B.4 Saving and Loading Files
Use the command load followed by the file name to retrieve your file.
>>load my_workspace
path lists the directories that MATLA

will search for files addpath <pathname> will add the location to the path listing
273
B.5 Vectors
A vector is simply a row or column of numbers Vectors are enclosed in square brackets

>>row_vector = [1 2 6 9 12] >>col_vector = [2;4;6;8;10]
To change a column vector into a row vector and vice versa, use transpose
274
B.5 Vectors
For vectors to be added and subtracted, they must be of the same type and size To multiply or divide vectors, special MATLAB symbols must be used

.* is used for multiplication ./ is used for division
275
B.6 Matrices
A matrix is a group of numbers arranged in columns and rows Each element in a matrix is identified by the use of two numbers or indices

The first index is the row number The second index is the column number
MATLAB can extract an entire row or column, or specific elements

276
B.7 Simultaneous Equations
Put the equations to be solved into standard form To solve for matrix x from Ax=b
X=A\b
277
B.9 Plotting
To generate linear xy plots use plot
>>plot(x axis values, y axis values, symbol or line type)
Use hold on to plot multiple data sets The axes can be labeled using the commands xlabel, ylabel, and title To generate multiple plots on a single figure use subplot
278
B.9 Plotting
Semi-log and log plots

semilogx semilogy loglog
279
B.9 Plotting
280
B.10 Programming
Programs, called scripts, consist of a series of MATLAB commands that can be saved to run later Select new, M-file to open the programming editor Enter MATLAB commands just like you would type them into the workspace Add comments by using the % symbol
281
B.10 Programming

Save the file with a .m extension Remember to avoid file names that MATLAB already uses The file can then be executed by typing the file name at the MATLAB prompt
282
B.10 Programming
Input commands
To ask the user to input a number
>>W=input(Enter a number to be used by the program) >>my_word=input(Enter a word:,s)
To ask the user to enter a string
The function disp can be used to display data

283

RS 1.2 Insinyur

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

RS 1.2 Insinyur

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Merekayasa Masa Depan

Pengenalan pada Rekayasa (Enjinyiring):

1.2 Getting Started

Kebudayaan Prasejarah Zaman Komputer Kecepatan Perubahan Sejarah Quick Overview

1.3 Awal Mula Rekayasa

Masa prasejarah Mesir dan Mesopotamia

1.3 Gambar Piramida

1.4 The Overview Approach

1.5 Bergerak Melalui Zaman

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: A.D. 1-1000

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1000-1400

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1400-1700

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1700-1800

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1800-1825

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1825-1875

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1875-1900

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1900-1925

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1925-1950

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1950-1975

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1975-1990

1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1990-Present

1.6 Case Study of Two Historic Engineers

Leonardo Da Vinci Gutenberg and His Printing Press

1.7 The History of the Disciplines

Aerospace Eng. Agricultural Eng. Chemical Eng. Civil Eng.

Computer Eng. Electrical Eng. Industrial Eng. Mechanical Eng.

1.7 History: Aerospace Engineering

1.7 History: Agricultural Engineering

Agricultural engineering focuses on:

1.7 History: Chemical Engineering

1.7 History: Civil Engineering

Civil engineering focuses on structural issues, such as:

1.7 History: Computer and Electrical Engineering

1.7 History: Industrial Engineering

1.7 History: Mechanical Engineering

Several characteristics of students that might have an interest in engineering are:

2.1 Engineers and Scientists

2.1 The Engineer and the Engineering Technologist

Main difference between the two is:

2.1 What Do Engineers Do?

Ways to get information about careers:

2.1 What Engineers Do

2.2 Engineering Functions: Research

2.2 Engineering Functions: Development

2.2 Engineering Functions: Testing

2.2 Engineering Functions: Design

2.2 Engineering Functions: Design

2.2 Engineering Functions: Analysis

2.2 Engineering Functions: Systems

2.2 Engineering Functions: Manufacturing & Construction

2.2 Engineering Functions: Operations & Maintenance

2.2 Engineering Functions: Technical Support

2.2 Engineering Functions: Customer Support

2.2 Engineering Functions: Sales

2.2 Engineering Functions: Consulting

2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering

2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering

2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering

2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering

2.3 Engineering Majors: Architectural Engineering

2.3 Engineering Majors: Biomedical

2.3 Engineering Majors: Chemical

2.3 Engineering Majors Civil Engineering