Introduction

LTE LTE

stands for Long Term Evolution

is based on standards developed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP). standards are described in Release 8

LTE LTE

is next stage of mobile communication which will enable things like IP based voice, high data streaming, on portable devices.
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3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project, gloaboration between groups of telecommunication association Its aim is to produce Technical Specifications and Technical Reports for a 3G Mobile system based on evolved mobile systems. It includes maintenance of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) including GSM evolved radio access technologies An evolved third Generation and beyond Mobile System based on the evolved 3GPP core networks, and the radio access technologies supported by the Partners (i.e., UTRA both FDD and TDD modes).
3/23/13 in an An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed

History of LTE
First Generation(1G)

1G was developed in seventies It was an analog system Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS) was first launched by US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in one country. Major invention of microprocessor.

Drawbacks: Poor Voice Quality, Large Phone Size, No Security,

Poor handoff Reliability

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Second Generation(2G)

2G phone uses Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) were first used in the early 1990s in Europe. Uses digital modulation for improved audio quality. GSM provides voice & limited data services. It includes GSM,D-AMPS,CDMA,PDC

Drawbacks: GSM is a circuit switched ,connection oriented technology, where the end system are dedicated for entire call session.

This causes inefficiency in usage of bandwidth & resources. GSM enabled systems do not supports high data rates.
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Third Generation(3G)

The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities to 2G phones by allowing video, audio, and graphics applications. The idea behind 3G is to have a single network standard instead of the different types adopted in the US, Europe, and Asia.

3G has HSDPA and HSUPA. 3G Together is call UMTS

Drawbacks:

High Bandwidth requirement High spectrum licensing fees High Capital

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HSDPA- High Speed Downlink Packet Access (Release 5)

Increses the peak data rate in downlink direction from 384 kbits to up to 10Mbits/s- in theory up to 14.4 Mbits/s

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HSUPA- High Speed Uplink Packet Access(Release 6)

Peak user data rates upto 2 Mbit/s can be achieved

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What is 4G?

4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards Data Speeds upto 1Gbit/sec approx All 4G devices are based on IP Packet switched network Dynamically share and utilize the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support LTE and WiMax are cut above technologies that fall under 4G

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WiMax
Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access(WiMax) is

described in IEEE 802.16.

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The following are major points of WiMax (Wireless MAN IEEE 802.16) functionality:

Range - 30-mile (50-km) radius from base station Speed - Up to 70 megabits per second Non-Line-of-sight (NLoS) between the user and a base station (BSS) Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz (licensed and unlicensed bands) There is no need for line of sight (LOS) connections between subscriber terminals and the base station in WiMAX technology and it can support hundreds if not thousands of subscribers from a single base station.

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LTE

LTE is a next-generation wireless technology that will put super-fast broadband in the hands of first responders LTE is a new standard that can be used in radio access networks, which sit between mobile devices, such as cell phones, and the core network Greater interoperability and enhanced interagency cooperation It provides low latency, enabling real-time services (VoIP, video). It is much faster than 3G, employing advanced technologies and deployable in bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.

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Flat Architecture

Its called flat architecture because its all IP based. The RNCs are replaced by effective eNode B. There is no Circuit Switch Core Network in LTE

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OFDM- Orthogonral Frequency Division Multiplexing (Downlink)

In OFDM the signal is first split into independent sub-carriers and these closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry the data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme

The OFDM technology used in LTE comprises a maximum of 2048 different sub-carriers having a spacing of 15 kHz Within the OFDM signal it is possiblr to choose between 3 types of modulation - QPSK (=4QAM) 2bits per symbol -16QAM 4 bits per symbol - 64QAM 6 bits per symbol
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SC-FDMA- Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Acess (Uplink)

SC-FDMA is a hybrid transmission scheme combining the low peak to average (PAR) of single carrier schemes with the frequency allocation flexibility and multi-path protection. This combines the low peak to average ratio offered by singlecarrier systems with the multipath interference resilience and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation that OFDM provides.

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MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output

Also called beam forming or smart antennas LTE will support MIMO It describes the possiblity to have multiple transmitter and receiver antennas in a system Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral efficiency

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LTE Key Features

Evolved NodeB

No RNC is provided anymore The evolved NodeBs take over all radio mangagement functionality This will make radio management faster

UL/DL scheduling

In UMTS physical resources are shared or dedicated Evolved Node B handles all physical resources via schedular and assigns them dynamically to users and channels This provides great flexiblity than older system

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Qos awareness

The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service class Otherwise real time service would not be possible via EUTRAN

Packet Switch Domain Only

No circuit switched domain provided If CS application are required, they must be implemented via IP Only one Mobility Management for UE in LTE
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Difference between Networks

Network Feature Major services UMTS Network Primarily voice LTE Network Voice, data, and rich multi-media

Core Network

1. WAN 2. Circuit/Packet switching

1. Broadband IP 2. All packet switched Integration of WAN/Wireless LAN 20 to 100 Mbps mobile 2 to 8 GHz 100 MHz (or greater) All digital switching with packetized voice OFDM and MC-CDMA Smart Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios All IPv6

Network Architecture Speeds Frequency Band Bandwidth Switching Technology Access Technologies

WAN (cell based) 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 1800-2400 MHz 5-20 MHz Circuit and Packet CDMA Optimized antenna design, Multi-band adapters IP 5.0

Antenna Technology

IP Capabilities

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Features of LTE
The 3GPP group has defined the following as features and standards for LTE communication
LTE

targets requirements of next generation networks including downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, uplink rates of 50 Mbit/s. (Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10ms. is suitability for deployment in scalable bandwidths ranging from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
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RAN

It

LTE

Applications
Video Computer-Aided

Dispatching Automatic Vehicle Location GPS Digital Imaging Large Data Files Enhanced Day-to-Day Operations

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Limitations
Handoff

Process Wireless system selection Support for quality of service - Packet level QoS - Transcation level QoS - Circuit level QoS - User level Qos

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LTE Advanced
There is next set of proposed system- LTE Advanced. Proposed Features:

Backward compatibility with LTE and 3gpp legacy systems. Peak data rate 1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL. BW about 70 MHz in DL and 40 MHz in UL. 3 times higher average user throughput than LTE. 3 times more spectral efficient than LTE. Support of scalable BW and spectrum aggregation.

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Conclusion
LTE is all about Evolution from its Predecessors Communication so far mostly being about people speaking to people, the future of communication will be about all kind of things speaking to each other through Internet,i.e- Internet of things. Every toaster, AC, car engine could be equipped with low cost LTE chip that will connect to every growing network. LTE takes into a whole new dimension in fact its being called the largest growth opportunity in the history of business Evolution shows:

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