Chapters 13 & 14
I. Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle
1.
Heart Structure
Pulmonary
A.
Circulatory Pathways
Oxygen poor _______ from body _____ _________ To right ventricle Pumped through pulmonary arteries to ____ Gas exchange occurs between capillaries and ______ Oxygen diffuses from __________ Carbon dioxide from _______ to air Oxygen rich _______ returns to left atrium through the _____________
1. Pulmonary Circulation
A.
Circulatory Pathways
2. Systemic Circulation
_______ from left atrium to ___________ Pumped from left ventricle to ____
3. Septum
C.
1) Atrioventricular valves (AV) _______ flows through valve one way Open & close due to _______ differences _______ flows into atrium _______ in atrium exceeds _______ in ventricle Causes AV valve to open Ventricle contracts & _______ > _______ in atrium AV valves close Between each atrium & ventricle Right side has 3 flaps tricuspid valve Left side has 2 flaps bicuspid valve
C.
2) Semilunar valves
D.
Heart Beat
1. Heart beats in a repeated pattern of contraction & relaxation (cardiac cycle) 2. Systole phase of heart contraction 3. Diastole phase of relaxation 4. Heart is a two-phase pump
Right & left atria contract almost simultaneously Both ventricles contract shortly after
E. Cardiac Cycle
When atria & ventricles are relaxed venous _______ fills the atria _______ in atria builds & AV valves open _______ flows from atria into ventricles Ventricles contract (systole) pumping 2/3 of _______ out Ventricles relax & _______ flows in atria (diastole) Cycle is about 0.8 seconds (0.5 diastole, 0.3 systole)
Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle _______ changes Heart sounds
4. Heart murmurs
Due to abnormal flow of _______ Defective heart valves Often caused by rheumatic fever _______ regurgitates through valve that does not completely close Holes in septum
Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle Pressure changes Heart sounds
A. Pacemaker
1. Cardiac cells are connected in masses = myocardia
A single functioning unit Action potential from one cell can be transmitted to all the others Atrial myocardium separated from ventricular myocardium Atrial myocardium stimulated before ventricular myocardium
A. Pacemaker
2. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
One region of the heart demonstrates spontaneous electrical activity Called sinoatrial node Functions as _______ for heart beat Located in the right atrium
A. Pacemaker
3. Pacemaker potential
_______ cells do not have typical resting membrane potential Have a slow spontaneous depolarization during diastole Potential begins at -60 mV & depolarizes to threshold (-40 mV) At threshold an action potential is produced in _______ cells
3. Pacemaker potential
Depolarization is produced by Ca++
Ca++ diffuses into _______ cells through slow calcium channels Threshold is reached slowly Once threshold reached fast Ca++ channels open Ca++ rapidly diffuses into cells Opening of Na+ gated channels also contributes to depolarization
Repolarization
Produced by opening of K+ channels & outward flow of K+ New _______ potential begins when cells repolarize to 60 mV
Cardiac Physiology
1. Heart structure
A. B. C. D. E. Circulatory pathways Chambers Valves Heart beat Cardiac cycle Pressure changes Heart sounds