Lailatul Muniroh,SKM.,M.Kes Department of Nutritional Health School of Public Health, The University of Airlangga
found in the human body in amounts less than 5 grams, also known as micro minerals
Interactions
O Excess of one may cause a deficiency of
another (a slight of manganese overload, may aggravate iron deficiency) O A deficiency of one may interfere with the work of another (a selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormones) O A deficiency of a trace mineral may even open the way for the contaminant mineral to cause a toxic reaction (iron deficiency makes the body vulnerable to lead poisoning)
A. Iron
OBoth too little and too much in the body can be
harmful
Ferrous iron (reduced): Fe ++ Ferric iron (oxidized): Fe +++ Iron as a Cofactor to enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reaction
Functions:
O Hemoglobin formation
blood cells that carries oxygen O Part of myoglobin O Carries oxygen in the body O Energy utilization
Iron Absorption
Iron deficiency
O The Most Common Nutrient Deficiency O Affecting 1.2 billion people O 50% of School Children and Pregnant
Women Suffer from Iron Deficiency Anemia (Developing Country) O High Risk : Women in their reproductive year, Pregnant Women, Infants and Young Children, Teenagers
Anemia Pucat
Tidak Anemia
Tidak pucat
Anemia Pucat
Toxicity Symptoms
OIron overload O Infections O Liver injury O Acidosis O Shock
Food Sources
RDA of Iron
O O O O O
Men = Women 51+ = 8 mg/day Women 19-50 = 18 mg/day Vegetarian RDA = RDA x 1.8 UL for Adults = 45 mg/day Young children, 200 mg/day = deadly
B. Zinc
O Functions:
O Needed for protein & enzyme
function O Immunity & wound healing O Vitamin A transport O Taste O Fetal development
Deficiency Symptoms
O Growth failure in children
O Loss of taste O Poor wound healing O Poor appetite
Dwarfism
Kulit mengelupas
Toxicity Symptoms
O Loss of appetite,
Food Sources
O Protein-containing foods: O Meat O Fish & shellfish O Poultry O Grains O Vegetables
RDA of Zinc
O Men = 11 mg/day O Women = 8 mg/day O UL for Adults = 40 mg/day
C. Iodine
O Amount of iodine in food is
Deficiency symptoms
O Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid
gland due to an iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland, or over consumption of a goitrogen. O Cretinism: severe mental & physical retardation of an infant caused by severe iodine deficiency in the mother during pregnancy
Goiter
Kretin
Toxicity Symptoms:
O Under active thyroid gland, elevated
TSH, goiter
O RDA of Iodine :
iu
D. Fluoride
O Functions:
O Formation of bones & teeth O Helps make teeth resistant to decay O Helps make bones resistant to
mineral loss
Food Sources
ODrinking water, Tea, Seafood ORDA of Fluoride :
OMen = 3.8 mg/day
E. Copper
O Functions: O Helps make hemoglobin O Part of several enzymes O Food Sources: O Legumes O Whole grains O Seafood O Nuts
humans) O Anemia O Bone changes (abnormalities) O Toxicity Symptoms: O Nausea O Vomiting O Diarrhea O Liver damage
RDA of Copper
O Adults = 900 g/day O UL for Adults = 10 mg/day or equal to 10,000
g/day
F. Manganese
O Functions:
O Along with enzymes, facilitates many
cell processes O Involved in bone formation O Food Sources: O Widely distributed in plant foods
O Poor growth
O Nervous system disorders O Abnormal reproduction O Toxicity Symptoms: O Poisoning
RDA of Manganese
O Men = 2.3 mg/day O Women = 1.8 mg/day
G. Chromium
O Functions:
glucose O Food Sources: O Meat (especially liver) O Unrefined foods O Brewers yeast O Whole grains
(Diabetes-like condition) O Toxicity symptoms: O Occupational exposures damage skin & kidneys
RDA of Chromium
O Men = 35 g/day O Women = 25 g/day
H. Selenium
O Functions:
O Protects body from oxidation (antioxidant) O Works with vitamin E
O Food Sources:
O Seafood
O Meats O Grains O Vegetables (depends on soil conditions)
Deficiency Symptoms
O Fragile red blood cells
O Cataracts O Growth failure O Heart damage (cardiac tissue
Toxicity Symptoms
ONausea, Abdominal pain, Nail & hair
OAdults = 55 g/day
OUL for Adults = 400 g/day