Sudan geographical information

The republic of Sudan is the largest country in Africa It covers an area of 2.5 million square kilometers and has estimated population of 33 million. The main concentration of the population is along the Nile with high density in t Khartoum State which attracts more than 6 million persons living

Infra structure
However, despite the extensive efforts done by the government to expand and develop the basic infra-structure, it's still far from meeting the gross needed investment though foreign aid used to play a significant role

Water supply and Sanitation

In accordance with latest studies the total daily water requirements for population of the greater Khartoum in the order one million cubic meters where piping networks exist, the water consumption per capita is 180 liters per day. The consumption falls to 60 and 50 liters per day in Semi urban areas where the majority lacks house connection. The water supply system in these settlements depends on groundwater and boreholes. Safe drinking potable water is not enough to match the increasing population, hence more water supply has to be ensured and the available water has to be used in an optimal manner

sanitation

The existing sewerage system network in Khartoum state comprises only 7% and hence more investment is needed in this important sector. With the stabilization of the political environment in Sudan in the year 2000, the Sudanese government has forcibly reactivated its public sector development initiative to re inject growth in to the economy and improve the lagging standard of living.

1- Soba treatment plant: It is located south of Khartoum and wastewater is pumped through a series of pumping stations to be treated in the biological oxidation bonds.

2- Haj yousif treatment plant

Wastewater contains effluent from industrial factories and domestic waste. The same process of treatment of soba treatment plant is applied here. The situation is even worse for the minerals from the industrial waste will remain without further treatment and the treatment plant itself stopped and failed to treat the waste water and became just a reservoir to impound water to be evaporated by direct sun light, creating a hazard of nasty smell

Regulation

The bodies that responsible of the production of the water are ministry of agriculture and ministry of irrigation . The enforcement and regulation are responsibility of the ministry of health . There is no guidelines or a standards for regulating waste water. There is no clear regulation , specification , standards that govern the reuse of waste water

Classification of diseases

The water is very essential for human being but it may cause many disease if it contaminated due to improper used and unsafe disposal of sewage water or by any others means or may caused diseases through the insect which may breeding in water. ExampleCategoryTyphoid, cholera, infective hepatitis1.Water-borne infections Scabies, trachoma, Bacillary dysentery2.Water-washed infections Schistosmiasis, Guinea worm3. Water-based infection Sleeping sickness, yellow fever4. Infection with waterrelated insect infection

Current situation

. They are form major public health problems especially among children and elderly people. The top prevalence of these diseases is diarrheas diseases which constituted about 40% of the outpatient in health facilities and about 30% of the health institution admission. Other diseases vary according to time and places but also form a considerable public health problem in Sudan. These diseases such as malaria, typhoid, viral hepatitis, cholera, garidiasis, skin and eye diseases.

Waste water reuse

There was practicing of waste water reuse in traditional way in the houses or schools, mosques in very small scale There is no environmental health impact assessment , epidemiological studies carried to assess the risk or degree of exposures to hazards of waste reuse although there was a lot of complains from final disposal treatment plants from surround ed residential areas of bad odors ,nuisances , mosquitoes .

many of those people may come with contact to the sewage water because they tried to benefit from these water by using it in making brick for building their houses or for sales to other to used in building and other keep with contact of these waste by catching fish from these water . For eating or for sales . hence the records showed high incidence of water borne diseases, food poisoning, water related and water associated diseases but these activities

Conclusion

The reuse of the water is challenge of the government for the coming ten year especially in the six states that have serious shortage of drinking water problems for various used in other purpose than drinking water such as for toilet flushing ,agriculture clean ect. The high quality of waste treatment is vital and the manuals a., standards and specification are highly appreciated Establishment of proper health system of supervision , surveillance , monitoring and assessment are highly priorities with continuously evaluation and epidemiological studies.

recommendation

specific recommendation are ; Up dating of laws, legislations, regulation and local order for waste water reuse.. Building capacity for all sectors concern in the waste water reuse Technical assistance and consultation in waste water reuse Workshops, training activities and equipment are urgent with financial support.