INTERNAL

FORCES
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Equations and Diagrams
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Be able to draw shear force and
bending moment diagrams for
beams
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Units of measurement
Trigonometry concepts
Rectangular component concepts
Equilibrium of forces in 2-D
Internal force concepts
STRESSES AND STRAINS
Stress is defined as load divided by the
cross-sectional area on which it acts.
Strain is defined as the change in length
divided by the original length.
Stress = = Q/A
Strain = = L/L
STRESSES AND STRAINS
Stress = = Q/A
Q
Q
A = r
2
L
L
Strain = = L/L
STRESSES AND STRAINS
Stress = = Q/A
Q
Q
A = r
2
L
L
Strain = = L/L
STRESSES AND STRAINS
Stress = = Q/A
Q
Q
A = r
2
L
L
Strain = = L/L




Youngs Modulus = /
If Q increases gradually
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Shear force diagram or SFD is a graphical
representation of the vertical shear force (V)
along a structural member
Bending moment diagram or BMD is a
graphical representation of the bending
moment (M) along a structural member
SIGN CONVENTION OF SHEAR FORCE
AND BENDING MOMENT
The internal shear force is considered positive if it
causes clockwise rotation of the structural member
under consideration as shown below.
Positive Negative
SIGN CONVENTION OF SHEAR FORCE
AND BENDING MOMENT
The internal bending moment is considered positive if
it causes compression of the top fiber of the structural
member under consideration as shown below.
Positive Moment Negative Moment
Tension at Bottom
Tension at top
STEPS FOR THE INTERNAL
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
1. Draw FBD of the entire structure and calculate the
support reactions
2. Calculate the internal shear force along the member
under consideration from left to right. The shear
force is equal to the integral of the externally applied
load (for distributed load, the internal shear force is
equal to the area under the load).
3. Draw SFD based on the calculated internal shear
force from left to right.
STEPS OF THE INTERNAL
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
1. Draw FBD of the entire structure and calculate the
support reactions
2. Calculate the bending moment along the member
under consideration from left to right. The bending
moment is equal to the integral of the internal
shear force equation or the area under the shear
force diagram.
3. The maximum bending moment takes place at the
points where the shear force is equal to zero.
4. Draw BMD based on the calculated bending
moment from left to right
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

200 lb
5 ft 5 ft
x
y
Determine the internal shear force (V) and bending
moment (M) at any section located at x distance from
the left support.
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

200 lb
5 ft 5 ft
x
y
Step 1 Draw FBD and determine the reactions at the support
200 lb
R
AY R
BY
A B
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

5 ft 5 ft
y
Step 1 Draw FBD and determine the reactions at the support
M
A
= 0.0; R
BY
(10) (200)(5) = 0.0; R
BY
= 100 lb
F
Y
= 0.0; R
AY
+ R
BY
200 = 0.0; R
AY
= 100 lb
200 lb
R
AY
R
BY
x
A
B
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
5 ft 5 ft
y
200 lb
R
AY
R
BY
x
A
B
Step 2 draw FBD for the section in question.
For this problem, 2 sections should be analyzed one
from A to the left of the 200 lb force and the other from
A to the right of the 200 lb force.
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM




y
x
R
AY
= 100 lb
x
FBD for 0.0 < x < 5.0
M
V
Shear V = 100 lb (constant and independent of x
Moment M = 100 x
y
x
R
AY
= 100 lb
x
FBD for 5.0 < x < 10.0
M
V
Shear V = 100-200 = -100 lb independent of x
Moment M = 100x 200(x-5)
200 lb
5 ft
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
Variation of the shear (V) and bending moment (M)
along the beam
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
S
H
E
A
R

100


0.0


-100
M
O
M
E
N
T
500



0.0
(Lb-ft)
(lb)
Shear
Moment
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

x
R
AY
= 100 lb
x
FBD for 0.0 < x < 5.0
M
V
What does the moment do at any section?
Compression
Tension
Shear

c
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Compression
Tension
Shear
Compression
Tension
Shear
h 2h/3
EXAMPLE 2
If P = 600 lb, a = 5 ft and b = 7 ft, draw the
SFD and BMD
SOLUTION 2
Solve for support reactions
600 lb
5 ft 7 ft
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY
M
A
= 0; R
BY
(12) 600(5) = 0; R
BY
= 250 lb
F
Y
= 0; R
AY
600 + 250 = 0; R
AY
= 350 lb
F
x
= 0; R
AX
= 0
SOLUTION 2 -Contd.
Draw SFD and BMD
350 lb

250 lb

600 lb
5 ft 7 ft
SFD
BMD
350 lb
250 lb
0 lb
0 + 5(350) = 1750 lb-ft
1750 7(250) = 0 lb-ft
EXAMPLE 3
Draw SFD and BMD for the beam
200 lb/ft
5 ft
1000 lb
EXAMPLE 3
200 lb/ft
5 ft
1000 lb
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY

+

+
SOLUTION 3
Determine V and M as a function of x for 0.0 < x < 20
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY
x
x
V
C
M
C
200 lb/ft
C
SOLUTION 3
Determine V and M as a function of x for 0.0 < x < 20
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY
x
x
V
C
M
C
200 lb/ft
C

+
SOLUTION 3
Determine V and M as a function of x for 20.0 < x < 25
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY
x
V
D
M
D
200 lb/ft
D
SOLUTION 3
Determine V and M as a function of x for 20.0 < x < 25
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY
x
V
D
M
D
200 lb/ft

D

+
SOLUTION 3
Determine V and M as a function of x for 25.0 < x < 30
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY
x
V
D
M
D
200 lb/ft
E
1000lb
5ft
SOLUTION 3
Determine V and M as a function of x for 25.0 < x < 30
R
AY
R
AX
R
BY
x
V
D
M
D
200 lb/ft
E
1000lb
5ft

+
SOLUTION 3 -Contd.
Applied
External
Load
Internal
Shear
Force
Internal
Bending
Moment
-2260 lb
1740 lb
7569 lb-ft
200 lb-ft
1000 lb
5200 lb
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Beam

4 feet
6 inch
75 lb/ft/ft
1. Calculate the reaction at the support
2. Plot the bending moment and shear force diagrams
along the beam
3. Calculate the maximum internal stresses
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

4 feet
6 inch
75 lb/ft/ft
300 lb/ft
300 lb/ft
600 lb-ft/ft
2 ft 2 ft
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

75 lb/ft/ft
300 lb/ft
600 lb-ft/ft
x
V
M
V = 300 75x, linear relative to x
M = -600 +300x 75x
2
/2 nonlinear relative to x

EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

4 feet
6 inch
75 lb/ft/ft
300 lb/ft
600 lb-ft/ft
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
l
b
/
f
t
)

-

S
h
e
a
r

(
l
b
)

Moment Shear
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

4 feet
6 inch
75 lb/ft/ft
300 lb/ft
600 lb-ft/ft
Assume that along the beam cross-section, the shear
stresses are uniformly distributed and the bending
stresses are linearly distributed and that the neutral
axis remains in the middle of the beam, calculate the
maximum shear and bending stresses
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

4 feet
6 inch
75 lb/ft/ft
300 lb/ft
600 lb-ft/ft
The 300 lb/ft shear force creates shear stress distributed
along the beam cross-section, while the -600 lb-ft/ft
bending moment creates bending stresses distributed
against the beam cross-section.
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

The average shear stress can be calculated by
dividing the shear force by the cross-sectional
area as follows:
For V = 300 lb/ft, The average Shear Stress =

average
= 300/0.5 = 600 lb/ft/ft
Distribution of the
shear stress along
the cross section
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

The Maximum bending moment = -600 lb-ft/ft, this creates
tensile and compressive bending stresses that are linearly
distributed along the beam cross-section. The maximum stresses
can be calculated as follows:

c
=
t
; (
c
)[(h/2)/2)(2)[2(h/2)/3][1/12
2
] = M lb-ft/ft

c
=
t
; (
c
)(h
2
/6) = M lb-ft/ft

t
max

c
max
Neutral Axis
h/2
h/2
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

The Maximum bending moment = -600 lb-ft/ft, this creates
tensile and compressive bending stresses that are linearly
distributed along the beam cross-section. The maximum stresses
can be calculated as follows:

c
=
t
; (
c
){(3/2)(2)(6)/3}{1/144} = 600 lb-ft/ft

c
=
t
= (6)(600)/36 = 14400 lb/ft
2
=100 psi

t
max

c
max
Neutral Axis
3 inch
3 inch
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

5 feet
9 inch
110 lb/ft/ft
R
V
M
800 lb/ft
1 ft
1 point Calculate the reaction R
V
at the support
1 point Calculate the moment M at the support
1 point Draw the shear diagram (values on the axis)
1 point Draw the moment diagram (values on the axis)
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

800 lb/ft
550 lb/ft
R
V
= 1350 lb/ft
M = 4575 lb-ft/ft
9 inch
F
Y
= 0; R
V
550 800 = 0; R
V
= 1350 lb/ft
M = 0; M 550(2.5) 800(4) = 0;
M = 4575 lb-ft/ft
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

110 lb/ft/ft
1350 lb/ft
-4575 lb-ft/ft
0 < X < 4 ft
V
M
F
Y
= 0; 1350 110X V = 0; V = 1350 110X
M@X = 0; 1350 X 4575 - 110X (X/2) + M = 0;
M = 4575 + 55X
2
1350X
EXAMPLE 4 Cantilever Structure

110 lb/ft/ft
1350 lb/ft
-4575 lb-ft/ft
4 < X < 5 ft
V
M
F
Y
= 0; 1350 110X 800 - V = 0; V = 1350 110X - 800
800 lb
4 ft
M@X = 0; -4575 + 1350X 110X (X/2) 800 (X-4) + M = 0;
M = 1375 550X + 55X
2

EXAMPLE 5
The cantilever beam shown below is subjected to two
triangular distributed load. Draw the moment and shear
diagram, determine the locations of maximum shear and
maximum moment and calculate the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses (the beam cross-section is 1 ft by 1 ft).
EXAMPLE 5 - Solution
Step 1 Calculate the reactions at the support
F
YA
M
A
3 kN

1 m

3 kN

1 m

m kN 8 1 M
0 (3)(5) - (3)(1) - M 0 A at M
kN 6 F 0 3 3 F 0 F
A
A
YA YA Y
=
= =
= = =

EXAMPLE 5
X
V
D
; M
D
D
2-2X/3 kN/m
2X/3 kN/m
Total rectangle; 2X-2X
2
/3 kN located at X/2 from A

Total triangle; X
2
/3 located at X/3 from A
2X
3
X
6 V
0 V )
3
2X
(2X
3
X
6 0; F
2
D
D
2 2
Y
+ =
= =

9
X
X 6X 18
3
X
X
9
2X
6X 18 M
0 M
2
X
3
2X
2X
3
2X
3
X
6X 18 0; M@D
3
2
3
2
3
D
D
2 2
+ = + + =
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

0>X>3m
EXAMPLE 5
E
V
E
; M
E
3 kN
3
3) - (X
3 V
0 V
2
3) (X
3
2
3 6 0; F
2
E
E
2
Y
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

EXAMPLE 5
E
V
E
; M
E
3 kN
( )
( )
9
3
3 15 M
0 M
3
3
2
3 X
3
3
2
1) - 3(X 6X - 18 0; @ M
3
E
E

+ =
=
(

+ + =

X
X
X
X E
SHEAR & MOMENT DIAGRAMS
-24
-16
-8
0
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance along the beam
Shear Force kN Moment kN-m
STRESSES
Maximum moment = 18 kN-m
Maximum shear = 6 kN
Maximum shear stress = 6/1= 6 kPascal
Assume the neutral axis is located in the middle
of the beam,
The maximum tensile stress = the maximum
compressive stress

t
=
c
= M
max
(6)/(1
2
) = 108 kPascal
EXAMPLE 7
Shear
Replace the distributed load by equivalent forces
and determine their locations:
B from feet 5 at located kips 0 5 5(10)
B from ft 2 at and A from feet 2 at located kips 5 1 5(6)/2
or A either =
=
15 kip
50 kip
15 kip
EXAMPLE 7
Determine the reactions at supports A and B:
kip 40 F F
BY AY
= =
Shear
15 kip
50 kip
15 kip
Because of symmetry:
F
AY
= 40 kip F
BY
= 40 kip
EXAMPLE 7
Shear
36
5X
15
3
X
12
5X
15 M 0 @X M
12
5X
V 0 F
3 2
X
2
X XY
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
= =

1. Make a cut at 0 < X < 6 ft

/6 5X
X
V
x
M
X
(5X/6)(X/2) = 5X2/12
2. Calculate the magnitude of the
distributed force at the cut
3. Replace the distributed load by
an equivalent force
4. Calculate the shear force and
moment at the cut
EXAMPLE 7
5. Make a cut at 6 < X < 16 ft & replace the distributed load

+ + = =
+ = + = =
2
6) - 5(X
) 6 ( 40 ) 4 ( 15 15 M 0 @X M
) 6 X ( 5 ( 25 ) 6 5(X 40 15 V 0 F
2
X
X XY
X X
V
x
M
X
X
15 kip @ 2 from A 5(X-6) @(X-6)/2 from A
6. Calculate the shear and moment at the cut
EXAMPLE 7
Shear
7. Make a cut at 16 < X < 22ft
V
x
M
X
X
15 kip @ 2 from A
50 kip @5 from A
[5-(5/6)(X-16)][X-16]
@ (X-16) /2 from B
(5/6)(X-16)
2
/2 @ [(X-16)/3]from B
8. Replace the distributed load by equivalent forces
40 kip
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + = =
+ + + = =

3
16
2
2
) 16 (
6
5
2
) 16 (
16
6
5
5 ) 16 ( 40
) 11 ( 50 ) 6 ( 40 ) 4 ( 15 15 M 0 @X M
16 X X 22
6
5
] 16 X X 22
6
5
- [5 40 - 50 40 15 V 0 F
2 2
X
X XY
X X X
X X
X X X
EXAMPLE 7
Shear
V
x
M
X
X
15 kip @ 2 from A
50 kip @5 from A
40 kip
[5-(5/6)(X-16)][X-16]
@ (X-16) /2 from B
(5/6)(X-16)
2
/2 @ [(X-16)/3]from B
Calculate the shear and moment at the cut
EXAMPLE 7
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 4 8 12 16 20
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

s
h
e
a
r

(
k
i
p
)
A
x
i
s

T
i
t
l
e

Distance along the beam (ft)
EXAMPLE 7
Shear
-45.0
-30.0
-15.0
0.0
15.0
30.0
0 4 8 12 16 20
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
k
i
p
/
f
t
)

EXAMPLE 7
Shear
Assume the cross section of the beam is 1 ft by 1 ft
as shown, calculate the maximum tensile stress.
h = 1 ft
b = 1 ft
EXAMPLE 7
The maximum moment at the support is -45 kip-ft
causing tension at the top
Assume the neutral axis is located in the middle
F
t
= F
C
=
t
(b)(h/2)/2=
t
(bh)/4 located at h/6 from
top or bottom
M =
t
(bh/4)(4h/6) =
t
(bh
2
)/6 = 2
t
(bh
2
/12)

t
= (1/2)M(12/bh2)(h/h) = M(h/2)(12/bh
3
) = MC/I

EXAMPLE 8
Draw the shear and moment diagrams along
the beam
EXAMPLE 8
Replace the distributed load by equivalent
load and calculate the reactions at supports A
and C using symmetry.
4.5 kN @ 2m from C 4.5 kN @ 2m from A
F
CY
= 4.5 kN F
AY
= 4.5 kN
EXAMPLE 8
1. Make a cut at 0 < X < 3 m
V
X
M
X
4.5 kN

3X/3=X
2. Calculate the value of the distributed load
at the cut
EXAMPLE 8
C
V
X
M
X
4.5 kN

3X/3=X
3. Calculate the internal shear and moment
F
Y
=0; 4.5 X
2
/2 - V
X
= 0; V
X
= 4.5 X
2
/2
M@C=0; 4.5X (X
2
/2)(X/3) - M
X
= 0
M
X
= 4.5X X
3
/6
EXAMPLE 8
V
X
M
X 4.5 kN

3-3(X-3)/3
4. Make a cut at 3 < X < 6 m
5. Calculate the value of the distributed load
at the cut
D
EXAMPLE 8
V
X
M
X
4.5 kN

3-3(X-3)/3
6. Break up the trapezoidal area to rectangle
and triangle and calculate the height of the
triangle
3(X-3)/3
EXAMPLE 8
6. Replace the distributed load by equivalent
loads
V
X
M
X
4.5 kN

3-3(X-3)/3
[3-3(X-3)/3)](X-3)
3(X-3)/3
4.5
3(X-3)
2
/6
EXAMPLE 8
V
X
M
X
4.5 kN

[3-3(X-3)/3)](X-3) 4.5
3(X-3)
2
/6
6. Calculate V
X
V
X
= 0; 4.5 - 4.5 - 3(X-3)
2
/6 - [3-3(X-3)/3][(X-3)] V
X
=0
V
X
= -3(X-3)
2
/6

+ 9X- X
2
-18 V
X
= 0
V
X
= -1.5X
2
+12X - 22.5
EXAMPLE 8
6. Calculate M
X
M
X
= 4.5X - 4.5(X-2) [3(X-3)
2
/6][2/3][X-3] - [3-3(X-
3)/3][(X-3)][(X-3)/2]
M
X
= 9 [3(X-3)
2
(2/3)(X-3)]/6 -3(X-3)
2
/2 + (3(X-3)
3
/6)
V
X
M
X
4.5 kN

[3-3(X-3)/3)](X-3) 4.5
3(X-3)
2
/6
EXAMPLE 8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

s
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

Distance along the beam (m)
EXAMPLE 8
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l

m
o
m
e
n
t

(
k
n
-
m
)

Distance along the beam (m)
EXAMPLE 8
Draw the shear and moment diagrams along
the beam
EXAMPLE 8
1. Replace the distributed load by equivalent load
2. Calculate the reactions at support A
WL/4 @ L/6 from A WL/4 @ 4L/6 from A
A
F
AX
= 0
F
AY
= WL/2
M
A
= 5WL
2
/24
EXAMPLE 8
3. Make a cut for 0 < X < (L/2)
4. Divide the remaining distributed load to rectangular
and triangular areas.
5. Replace the distributed load by equivalent loads
w-2Xw/L
X(w-2Xw/L) @ X/2 from A
X
2
w/L) @ X/3 from A
A
X
F
AY
= WL/2
M
A
= 5WL
2
/24
V
X
; M
X
2Xw/L
EXAMPLE 8
6. Calculate V
X
and M
X
V
X
= wL/2 X
2
w/L X(w-2Xw/L)
M
X
= 5wL
2
/24 - XwL/2 + (X/3)(X
2
w/L) + (X/2)(X)(w-2Xw/L)
w-2Xw/L
2Xw/L
X(w-2Xw/L) @ X/2 from A
X
2
w/L) @ X/3 from A
A
X
F
AY
= WL/2
M
A
= 5WL
2
/24
V
X
; M
X
EXAMPLE 8
3. Make a cut for (L/2) < X < (L)
4. Divide the remaining distributed loads to rectangular
and triangular areas.
5. Replace the distributed load by equivalent loads
w-2(X-L/2)w/ L
2(X-L/2)w/L
(X-L/2)(w-2Xw/L)
@ X/2 from A
(X-L/2)
2
w/L) @ (X-L/2/3 from A
A
X
F
AY
= WL/2
M
A
= 5WL
2
/24
V
X
; M
X
WL/4 @ L/6 from A
EXAMPLE 8
6. Calculate V
X
and M
X

V
X
= wL/2 wL/4 (X-L/2)
2
w/L) - (X-L/2)(w-2Xw/L)
M
X
= 5wL
2
/24 XwL/2 + (wL/4)(X-L/6) +
(X-4L/6)(X-L/2)
2
w/L)(X-4L/6) +
(X-L/2)(w-2Xw/L)(L/4+X/2)
w-2(X-L/2)w/ L
2(X-L/2)w/L
(X-L/2)(w-2Xw/L)
@ (L/4+X/2) from A
(X-L/2)
2
w/L) @ (X-4L/6) from A
A
X
F
AY
= WL/2
M
A
= 5WL
2
/24
V
X
; M
X
WL/4 @ L/6 from A
EXAMPLE 9
EXAMPLE 9
Draw the shear and moment diagrams along
the beam
EXAMPLE 9
Replace the distributed load by equivalent loads
20 kN @ 5m from A
4 kN @ 12m from A 7.5 kN @ 5m from A
6 kN @14m from A
EXAMPLE 9
Calculate the reactions at the support A
20 kN @ 5m from A
4 kN @ 12m from A 7.5 kN @ 10m from A
6 kN @14m from A
F
AX
M
A
F
AY
F
AX
= 0.; F
AY
= 20 +7.5 + 4 + 6 = 37.5 kN
M
A
= (20)(5) + (7.5)(10) + (4)(12) + (6)(14) + 40 = 347 kN-m
EXAMPLE 10
EXAMPLE 11
EXAMPLE 12
EXAMPLE 13
EXAMPLE 14
EXAMPLE 15
EXAMPLE 16
EXAMPLE 9
QUESTION
Which statement is correct?
a) The shear force diagram represents the
area under the bending moment diagram.
b) The bending moment diagram represents
the area under the shear force diagram
c) Both of the above
d) None of the above
What does the values on the BMD
indicate ?
A) External moment
B) Internal moment
C) Sum of external and internal
moments
QUESTION
Questions
For the beam shown, which of the following correctly
represents the shape of SFD?


A)

B)

C)

D)
QUESTIONS
For the SFD as shown below, which of the following
correctly represents the shape of BMD?


A)


B)

C)

D)
250 N
250 N
250 N
250 N