CRCT Practice

S8P1.

Students will examine the scientific view of the nature of matter.

a. Distinguish between atoms and molecules.

Atoms

are the basic building block of all matter. kind of atom is an element a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Each

There

are 117 confirmed elements. 90 of these are found in nature and the rest are synthetic (man made)

Location Charge
Proton Nucleus +

Mass
1 amu

Neutron Nucleus
Electron Electron Cloud

0
-

1 amu
Less than 1 amu

Number describes the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. Atomic# = #protons= #electrons
Atomic Atomic

Mass equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom.

Neutral

Atom occurs when electrons equal protons.

molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. It is the smallest unit of a compound that has all the properties of the compound.

subscript is a small number that tells you the number of atoms of each element in the substance.

b. Describe the difference between pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures.

An

element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Compounds are pure substances that are created when 2 or more elements are chemically combined.

Mixtures

form when two or more substances combine without joining together chemically. Heterogeneous mixtures look different throughout Homogeneous mixtures look the same throughout

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids

Solutions-

homogeneous mixture with tiny particles ex- kool aid (solute-what is dissolved; solvent-what does the dissolving) Suspensions- heterogeneous mixture containing larger particles (ex-oil and water) that settle out Colloids- homogeneous mixture where particles are intermediate in size and do not settle out (ex-milk)

c. Describe the movement of particles in solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas states.

state of matter is the physical form in which matter exists.

solid is a substance with definite shape and volume Particles are densely packed Energy binding the particles is very strong

liquid is a substance that Has no definite shape Has definite volume Particles are less densely packed and can flow around each other Energy binding the particles is strong

gas is a substance that has NO definite shape No definite volume The particle arrangement is far apart The binding energy is very weak.

Plasma

is a state of matter that forms when temperatures are high enough to remove electrons from their atoms.

d. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as physical (i.e., density, melting point, boiling point) or chemical (i.e., reactivity, combustibility).

Physical

Properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity.
senses

Chemical

Properties are characteristics that describes how a substance will interact with other substances during a chemical reaction.

Reactivity Flammability combustibility

e.

Distinguish between changes in matter as physical (i.e., physical change) or chemical (development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color).

Physical

Change alters the physical properties of a substance without changing the identity of the substance.

Chemical

Change occurs when a substance is changed into a new substance with different properties.

f.

Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.

The

periodic table is a chart that organizes the information about all of the known elements according to their properties.

 Horizontal Rows (7) Groups Vertical Columns (18)

Periods

Elements

in the same group have similar properties. These properties are a result of their identical valence electron numbers.

Reactivity

describes how likely an element is to form bonds with other elements.

Most chemically active are group 1 elements. (Due to their 1 valence electron) Group 18 (Noble Gases) are inert. This means they cannot not form bonds with other elements because they are chemically stable.

Elements

on the left are metals (except H) Elements on the right are nonmetals Elements along the stair step line are metalloids

g.

Identify and demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.

The

law of conservation of matter states that during a chemical reaction, matter cannot be created or destroyed. Mass of the reactant equals the mass of the product

coefficient is a number that can show how many molecules of a compound are present.

S8P2. Students will be familiar with the forms and transformations of energy.

a. Explain energy transformation in terms of the Law of Conservation of Energy.

Law of Conservation of Energy Energy is not created or destroyed but can be transferred.

Examples

of Energy Transformations: Plants convert electromagnetic energy from the sun into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Eating vegetables allows your body to convert stored chemical energy into thermal energy to maintain body temp and mechanical to allow you to move

The sun converts nuclear energy into electromagnetic and thermal energy

b. Explain the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy the energy of motion Depends on mass and velocity Greater the mass; Greater the KE Greater the velocity; Greater the KE

Potential energy stored energy Ex. Chemical Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Elastic Potential energy stored in stretched or spring objects Gravitational Potential energy stored in objects above Earths surface

c. Compare and contrast the different forms of energy (heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, sound) and their characteristics.

Each

form of energy has its own characteristics. Mechanical Associated with energy of motion (kinetic). Thermal Energy total amount of energy in all the particles

Heat thermal energy thats transferred from high to low temperature

Chemical Energy energy stored in chemical bonds

Electrical Energy energy that results from moving charges Electromagnetic energy resulting from the motion of atoms

Light, X-rays, Microwaves, UV

Sound Energy energy given off by a vibrating object

Nuclear Energy energy stored in the nucleus of an atom Released through Fission and Fusion

d. Describe how heat can be transferred through matter by the collisions of atoms (conduction) or through space (radiation). In a liquid or gas, currents will facilitate the transfer of heat (convection).

Temperature

is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.

Heat

is the transfer of thermal energy between objects at different temperatures Flows from higher temperature to lower temperature

Heat

can be transferred through matter in all three phases and can be transferred through a vacuum (empty space).

Conduction Heat is transferred through solids and liquids by direct contact of the particles. Convection Heat is transferred through fluids (liquids and gases) by currents.

Radiation transfer of heat without matter uses electromagnetic waves.

S8P3. Students will investigate relationship between force, mass, and the motion of objects.

a. Determine the relationship between velocity and acceleration.

Force

a push or a pull sometimes resulting in motion.

Reference

Point a generally stationary point such as a tree, or street sign that allows you to define the motion of an object in terms of speed, position, and direction.

Speed

how fast the object

moves. Speed = distance / time Units m/s Distance/Time Graph: Distance on the Y-axis Time on the X-axis

 speed of the object in a given direction. Velocity changes when the speed or the direction of an object changes.
Velocity

 the rate at which velocity changes. Acceleration changes if the speed or its direction changes. Formula: a = vf vi t Units m/s/s
Acceleration

b. Demonstrate the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object in terms of gravity, inertia, and friction.

Net

Force the sum of the forces acting on an object.

Balanced

Forces equal forces acting in opposite direction Net force equals zero

Unbalanced

Forces Net force is greater than zero Object moves in the direction of the greater force Can cause a change in the motion of an object

Inertia

an objects resistance to a change in motion. Greater Mass Greater Inertia

Friction

the force that opposes the motion of an object Static no motion Sliding objects sliding past each other

Rolling objects rolling past each other Fluid friction from a liquid or gas

Gravity

force of attraction between all objects. Depends on Mass and Distance

Newtons Laws of Motion

1st Law An object at rest will stay at

rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2nd Law Force equals mass times

acceleration.
3rd Law For every action there is an

equal and opposite reaction.

c. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines (lever, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw, and wheel and axle) on work.

 when a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the direction of the force. W = F x d Only occurs when the object moves in the direction of the force

Work

Machines

makes work

easier by: Multiplying effort force Changing direction of force Increasing Distance

Simple Machine Levers Pulleys Wheel and Axle Inclined Plane Wedges Screws

Lever

a bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point Force Applied Effort Force Resistance Load
3 classes of Levers

Pulley

a rope or chain wrapped around a wheel Makes work easier by changing direction of the force Block and Tackle pulleys multiply effort force

Wheel

and Axle consists of two wheels of different sizes. Larger Wheel Smaller Axle Makes work easier by increasing the effort force

Incline

Plane a straight, slanted surface Makes work easier allowing you to use less effort over a greater distance

Wedges

an inclined plane that is wider or thicker at one end than the other Makes work easier by changing the direction of the effort force

Screw

an inclined plane that is wrapped around a cylinder Makes work easier by increasing the number the threads

S8P4. Students will explore the wave nature of sound and electromagnetic radiation.

a. Identify the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical waves.

Wave

any disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space.

the material through which waves can travel

Medium

Mechanical

Wave - a wave that needs a medium Transverse Wave a wave that transfers energy in a direction that is perpendicular to its medium. Longitudinal Wave particles move back and forth.

Electromagnetic

Wave A wave that doesnt need a medium through which to travel

b. Describe how the behavior of light waves is manipulated causing reflection, refraction diffraction, and absorption.

When

a wave hits an obstacle, passes from one medium to another, or hits another wave, it is possible that it will change speed, direction, or shape.

Reflection

occurs when a wave bounces back after striking a barrier. Sound Reflection = Echo Light Reflection in mirror allows you to see yourself

Refraction

- the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another. Light Refracts (bends) Enters a lens Enters a prism Enters water from air (bent pencil)

Diffraction

refers to the bending, spreading, and interference of waves when thy go through a narrow opening. When waves pass through a slit, a pattern of ripples forms in all directions

Interference

when two

waves collide Constructive crest hits crest Destructive trough hits trough

Transmission

passing of waves through a medium Transparent most of light transmits through the material Windows, Plastic Wrap

Absorption

disappearance of an EM wave into a medium Opposite of Reflection

You see different colors due to reflection and absorption An apple looks red b/c all colors but red are absorbed and red is reflected back to your eye

c. Explain how the human eye sees objects and colors in terms of wavelengths.

Your

ability to see involves the reflection of light.

The

Eye Cornea transparent material helps move light into the eye Pupil small hole that adjusts size in order to control amount of light entering

Lens responsible for focusing light Retina where the light rays focus the image Optic Nerve relays information about image to brain

Electromagnetic

Spectrum collection of all EM frequencies Radio waves longest wavelength, lowest frequency Used in AM & FM broadcasting

Microwaves More energy than radio waves. Radar Infrared Light associated with heat.

Visible Light only part of spectrum that you can see Longest Wavelength is Red Shortest Wavelength is Violet You see color because of the way light interacts with an object.

Ultraviolet Light have a higher frequency than visible light Can cause reactions: tan the skin, too much may lead to skin cancer

X-rays can travel through soft tissue, such as skin, but not through hard bone. Gamma Rays have the shortest waves and highest frequencies Most Energy on Spectrum

d. Describe how the behavior of waves is affected by medium (such as air, water, solids).

In

order to see any object, it must give off light.

Luminous objects that emit their own light

Illuminated objects that reflect light to your eyes Amount of reflected light depends on the surface. (Smooth reflects more light than rough surfaces.)

Law

of Reflection the angle at which any wave strikes a reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave is reflected

 material that permits light to pass through Translucent material transmits some light Opaque allow no light to pass through (Wood, Carpet)
Transparent

e. Relate the properties of sound to everyday experiences.

Sound

is a form of energy produced by vibrating objects. Mechanical Wave (needs a medium) Longitudinal Wave (moves back and forth)

 highness or lowness of a sound Frequency number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given time period
Pitch

Human

Ear Outer collects sounds Middle transfers energy into inner ear by vibrating the 3 small bones Inner cochlea stimulates nerve cells and sends signal to auditory nerve.

Effect change in the frequency of a sound due to a moving sound source or a moving listener Resonance ability of objects to pick up the frequency of a nearby object
Doppler

f. Diagram the parts of the wave and explain how the parts are affected by changes in amplitude and pitch.

Amplitude

is a measure of wave energy. Height of the wave

Wavelength

the distance between two successive points on a wave Crest to Crest or Trough to Trough Compression to Compression Rarefaction to Rarefaction

Frequency

the number of waves produced in a given amount of time Higher Frequency = Shorter Wavelength Lower Frequency = Longer Wavelength

Pitch

refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. Determined by the frequency of the sound. Low Pitch = Low Frequency High Pitch = High Frequency

Wave

Speed speed at which a wave travels

Speed = wavelength x frequency

Affected by : Medium through which wave is traveling. Mechanical Waves travel fastest through solids Electromagnetic Waves travel at the same speed

S8P5. Students will recognize characteristics of gravity, electricity, and magnetism as major kinds of forces acting in nature.

a. Recognize that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object and that the force exerted depends on how much mass the objects have and how far apart they are.

 an attractive force that works to pull objects together. Law of Universal Gravitation the force of gravity acts between all objects in the universe
Gravity

Gravitational

Force depends

on: Mass amount of matter Distance Greater the Mass; Greater the gravitational attraction Closer Distance; Greater gravitational force

Newtons

Law of Motion an object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest unless an unbalanced forces act on it.

st 1

Inertia

tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion. Greater Mass; Greater Inertia

The

moon is able to continuously orbit Earth because the Moons inertia and Earths gravity are balanced.

b. Demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits and how they transfer energy.

Electrical

Energy is produced by the movement and distribution of charged particles from the atom.

Electric

Current the flow of electric charges. Unit Ampere (A)

Potential

Difference (aka Voltage) results from the differences in electrical charges in two locations. Unit = Volts (V)

Circuits

a path through which electricity can flow. Energy Source push charges through circuit (battery greater voltage; greater push)

Load operates using electrical energy (light bulbs)

Conductors (Wire) material that allows electrical energy to flow easily

Series

Circuit a circuit that provides one possible path for the e- to flow One bulb burn out all bulbs burn out

All loads share the same energy source More bulbs added; dimmer lights get

Parallel

Circuit offers more than one path for the flow of electricity. Each load has its own closed pathway If one bulb burns out; the others are unaffected Loads do not share a current.

c. Investigate and explain that electric currents and magnets can exert force on each other.

Magnetic

Force a push or a pull that is exerted by a magnet Magnets have 2 poles north and a south pole Cutting a magnet in half gives you two smaller magnets with a N & S pole.

Magnetic

Field area surrounding a magnet in which the magnetic force exists Lines extend from one pole of the magnet to the other

Electromagnetism

production of a magnetic field by an electric current Electric current flows through a coil of wire a magnetic field is produced similar to a bar magnet.

Electromagnet

magnet that is made by passing an electric current through a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core.

Usefulness

of electromagnets: Temporary they can be turned off and on Strength of magnet can be increased Increase strength of current Add more coils Increase size of core

Motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical Generator transforms mechanical energy into electrical
Electric