By

Mrs. Nidhi Sagar Associate Prof.(OBG) DMC&H,College of Nursing,Ldh

Why not study everyone?

Researchers work with Samples rather than with populations because it is more economical & efficient to do so. Samples are practical means of collecting data. Researcher have neither the time nor the resources to study all members of population.

Economical. Improved quality of data. Quick study results. Precision and accuracy of data.

POPULATION
Target

population Accessible population

SAMPLE SAMPLING ELEMENTS STRATA SAMPLING BIAS

SAMPLING FRAME SAMPLING ERROR SAMPLING PLAN

Population is the aggregation of all the units in which a researcher is interested and to which the results of a research are to be generalized.

TARGET POPULATION :-It consists of total no. of people or objects which are meeting the designated set of criteria.

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION :-It is the aggregate of cases that conform to designated criteria and are also accessible as subjects of study.

Representative unit of a target population , which is to be worked upon by researchers during their study.

Sampling is the process of selecting

a portion of the population that represent the entire population.

The entities that make up the samples & populations are called elements. These are the most basic unit which/whom information is collected. about

Populations consist of sub populations called strata. Strata are mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specified characteristics.

It is the distortion that arises when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn.

Sampling bias is affected by the homogeneity of the population

SAMPLING FRAME
It is the list of all elements or subjects in the population from which the sample is drawn

SAMPLING ERROR
Fluctuations in the values of the statistics of characteristics from one sample to another

SAMPLING PLAN
The formal plan specifying a sampling method , a sample size and the procedure of selecting the subjects.

Population

Target poplation

Accessible population

sample Subjects

Identifying and defining the target population

Describing the accessible population and Ensuring sampling frame

Specifying the sampling unit

Specifying sample selection methods

Determining the sample size

Specifying the sampling plan Selecting a desired representative sample

Type I

PROBABILITY

Type II

NON PROBABILITY

TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Probability sampling technique

Non probability sampling technique

1.Simple random 2. Stratified random 3. Systematic random 4.Cluster /multistage 5. Sequential sampling

1.Purposive 2.Convenient 3.Consecutive 4.Quota 5.Snow ball sampling

A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighing sampled units according to their probability of selection.

Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. It involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every kth element from then onwards. E.g. select every 10th name from the telephone directory.

In a very large population, random selection of geographic cluster(e.g. Asia or Arab) and then random selection of subjects from these clusters. Population is divided in to groups, usually geographic or organizational. Possibility of high sampling error &chances of least representative sample due to over or under represented cluster.

Nonprobability sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'undercovered'), or where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria for selection.

The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. The selection of the sample is non-random. For example interviewers might be tempted to interview those who look most helpful. The problem is that these samples may be biased because not everyone gets a chance of selection.

The Researcher might decide purposively to select the widest possible variety of respondents or might choose subjects who are judged to be typical of the population in question or particularly knowledgeable about the issues under study. It is used for assessing the typical-ness of the selected subjects.

It involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. For example, if the interviewer was to conduct such a survey at a shopping centre early in the morning on a given day, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given time, which would not represent the views of other members of society in such an area, if the survey was to be conducted at different times of day and several times per week.

It is also known as NETWORK SAMPLING. In this the early sample members are asked to refer other people who meet the studys eligibility criteria. It is most often used when the population consist of people with specific traits who might be difficult to identify by ordinary means.(like HIV patients or Prostitutes population)

Linear
Exponential non discriminative Exponential discriminative

Picks up all the available subjects who are meeting the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria. Used for continuously changing population e.g. hospital patients.

Resources available: A large sample may ensure

precision , but it may prove to be costly .so before carrying out a study with a large sample , the researcher need to decide if they have sufficient resources.

Nature of study :The sample size depends upon the type of

study to be carried out .

Sampling methods used: Smaller

but efficiently selected samples prove to be far better than badly select large samples.

Homogeneity: If the population is homogeneous, than a small sample may be sufficient. Effect size: if the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables is strong, then a small sample will be sufficient.

Degree of accuracy desired from the estimate:

precision is the limit if tolerable error exist in the sample estimates.

Degree of confidence: higher the degree of confidence, the larger is the sample size required.

Cooperation and attrition: if the data is collected

from multiple points and there is less chance of communication of the researcher with the sample due to long time gap there is possibility of attrition.

Sub group analysis: if the hypothesis are to be

tested not only for the population, but also for specific sub groups, then the small sample size should be large enough to make the generalization of the results possible to those subgroups too.

Sampling errors Lack of sample representativeness Difficulty in estimation of sample size Lack of knowledge about the sampling process Lack of resources Lack of cooperation

Lack of existing appropriate sampling frames for larger population Callous approach of the researcher towards sampling process

THANKS