Effort by :Musharaf Hussain

After the independent

Geographical Importance Plenty of resources Super power USSR want to access the warm water. The Soviet Union was keen to develop its friendly relation with Pakistan.

Liaquat Ali khan Era the relation with USSR

Invitation of USSR to visit Moscow. US invitation to visit Washington. Reaction of Soviet government due to reject the invitation.

Soviet government openly proclaimed that Kashmir was an integral part of the India.

Iskander Mirza Era the relation with USSR

To develop the close relation with Pakistan the USSR offered technical and economic assistance

Offered of the atomic energy for the peaceful use Building a steel mill. In the same year the deputy P.M came to Pakistan.

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Problem of Kashmir should be decided by the will of the people openly declared by the Soviet government.

But Pakistan kept showing a cold shoulder to

USSR.

SEATO join in 1954 and CENTO join in 1955

Ayub Khan Era the relation with USSR

Allowed the US to use the air base. A air craft U-2 which took off from Peshawar in May 1960 was detected by the Soviet radar which was shot down and pilot was arrested.

Russian P.M khrushchece threatened that Soviet

government take a strict action against Pakistan.

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In 1961 a ray of hope for the happier connection between Pak-USSR.

USSR offered to explore of oil, which Pakistan accepted.

Exchange of cultural delegation, mechanization of

agriculture, building of power project, promotion of

technology and scientific knowledge.

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Soviet Union offered a credit of $30 millions dollars and also offered to train Pakistani engineers.

In 1964 $19 million of credit gave it Pakistan to

buy a heavy machinery.

In 1965 the President Ayub khan visited to

Moscow.

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In 1965 war The USSR offered to mediate between India and Pakistan.

Kosygin arranged a meeting between Ayub Khan and Lal Shastri at Tashkent.

In 1965 Ayub Khan second visit to Moscow.

During the 1965-1970 the trade increased between

Pakistan and USSR.

Yahya Khan Era the Relation with USSR

Russia could not reconcile with Pakistans

friendship with China and Pakistan. Russia want to reduce China influence in the region. Russia use the India as trusted friend to reduce the China influence. Russia want that Pakistan should join the scheme of the Asia security which is against the China.

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Pakistan refuse that Asia security of he

scheme. Russia and India sign the treaty which is part of security scheme. In which Russia show that Russia will totally support to the India if the event of conflict occur with Pakistan. During the war of 1971 , Russia openly sided with India. It also warned other nation to keep away from the war.

In Bhutto Era the Relation with USSR

Bhutto visited Moscow in March 1972 and tried to break the ice. Bhutto visit was greatly helpful in removing the misunderstanding and paved the way for normal relation with USSR. Bhutto second visit to Moscow in 1974. He was successful in acquiring substantial assistance for the Karachi steel mill.

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Trade was expand between Russia and Pakistan.

Bhutto was successful to reducing the Russian hostilities toward Pakistan.

Zia Era the Relation with USSR

Pakistan and Russia relation once again reached the lowest ebb with the Russia troops occupying Afghanistan on 26 Dec 1979.

On 28 Dec 1979 the Russia ambassador in Pakistan

informed Gen Zia his country had sent a limited

military contingent to Afghanistan at her request to

assist her in dealing with foreign interference.

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Pakistan vehemently condemned Russian infiltration in

Afghanistan and called upon UN security council to

deplore the Soviet Union action.

Pakistan demand the withdrawal of the foreign troops from Afghanistan.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On Pakistan geopolitical situation Pakistan became a frontline state in the cold war.

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Pakistan became a base for mujahedeen fighting against the Soviet union.

In 1989 the Soviet Union completed the withdrawal of the troops from Afghanistan.

The Soviet Union disintegrated into six new state.

(Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)

1990-1999

1990s saw the Benazir Bhutto come to power in a

popular election. She tried to dispel the misgivings

with the Russian (the successor to USSR) government but this dtente remained lukewarm due to new fears of rise of fundamentalist Islam in Central Asia and Muslim minorities within Russia.

There is no improvement in the relation with USSR in this era.

Pervez Musharaf Era the relation with Russia

Before the 9/11 Pakistan is one of the three countries, Saudi Arabia, UAE which had recognize the Taliban government.

After the 9/11 the situation was totally change.

Pakistan emerged as a crucial member of

international coalition formed by the US against

terrorism.

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Pakistan antiterrorism role was fully acknowledged by the international community that made a common ground for engagement. Evolving Indo-US strategic partnership was also influenced of normal relation between Pakistan and Russia. India interested to buy the US arms that will reduce India market share for Russia. Russia seeks new markets for its arms export. That create interest between Russia and Pakistan

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The gap between Pakistan and Russia still exist on the issue of the terrorism and nuclear proliferation. Russia considering that terrorist network exist in Pakistan that involved in destabilizing the Russia directly or indirectly. Russian leadership remain apprehensive that nuclear material could not fall into the hand of the terrorists.

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An important event in the context of the PakRussia relation was that President Musharaf visit to Moscow at the invitation of President Putin in 2003. It was the initiate of high level of dialogue. Russian foreign minister Igor Ivanovo's visit to Pakistan in 2003. Pakistan foreign minister Khursheed Mahmood Kasuri visited Moscow in 2004 and P.M Shaukat Aziz visited in 2005 to attend the meeting of SCO.

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Russia became the observer of the OIC and Pakistan became the observer of the SCO in 2006. According to President Musharaf it is in both Pakistan and Russia interest to broaden their ties, but this needs to be done bilaterally and not with an Endocentric approach. Pakistan has extended complete support to Russia to be part of WTO in condition the Moscow sign an FTA with Islamabad.

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Russia also return $108 million to Pakistani exporter who had exported articles to the USSR before its disintegration.

2002 $ 100 million trade.

2003-2004 $134.24 million trade

2004-2005 $320 million trade

90% of the trade were textile items.

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In 2005 the Gazprom chairman, Aleksei miller held the separate meeting with President Musharaf, and P.M Shuakat Aziz. The government of Pakistan sign a MaU with the Gazprom for cooperation in the oil and gas sector. Gazprom provide training facilities to Pakistan oil and gas sector.

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Russian consortium of oil and gas companies fivemember delegation, headed by Aleksandra Bornov visited Pakistan in 2006. Aleksandra Bornov take keen interest in the crossborder pipeline, LNG, oil, and gas exploration.

Asif Zardari Era relation with USSR

Russia want to get more involved in regional affairs because of the US influence. It also know that Pakistan can play a key role in the Afghan endgame. Russia has offered Pakistan a wide range of counter-terrorism equipment. Include 10 MI-17 helicopters.

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In 2009 Pak chief of army staff Gen Pervez Ashfaq Kayani visited Moscow. In 2011 both countries initiated the discussion on the shape of trade agreement and currency swap agreement was sign. In 2011Russias P.M Putin publically support Pakistans desire of joining of SCO as a full member. President Asif Zardari visit Russia in 2011 which created a Goodwill.

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Russian military chief Col-General Alexander Postnikov visited Pakistan in 2011. He discussed with army chief General Ashfaq Kayani of joint the military exercise. Russia had agree to invest $500 million on CASA1000 electricity transmission project. Gen. Ashfaq Kayani visited in 2012 and held the meeting with top brass and ruling politicians. In 2012 Russian foreign minister Sergey Viktorvish Lavrov visited to Pakistan.

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Supporting the Pakistans stance on

drone attacks Sergey Viktorvish Lavrov declared that they violate the sovereignty and territorial integrity of any state are unacceptable.

Recommendations
There is enormous potential of cooperation in energy sector, steel production, telecommunication, space technology, oil and gas etc. A coherent strategy should be adapted for enhancing people-to-people contacts in the field of education, science, trade, culture, tourism and sports etc.

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There is a need to enhance defense cooperation between Moscow and Islamabad to diversify Pakistans critical dependencies. Strategize a coordinated Pak-Russia policy on Afghanistan for achieving lasting peace and stability in the region