Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.

Marie Curie (`868-1934)

General anesthesia Regional anesthesia Monitored anesthesia care

General

anesthesia

Before him surgery was agony.

Epitaph on a monument honoring W. Morton

General anesthesia
The goals of general anesthesia: - Mandatory: -amnesia/sedation/hypnosis -analgesia -maintenance of homeostasis - Optionally: -muscle relaxation

General anesthesia indications

Indications

based on the surgical procedure:

-surgical procedures requiring analgesia and muscle relaxation, that cannot be performed using regional anesthesia techniques: upper abdominal surgery, thoracic surgery, head and neck surgery, shoulder surgery etc. -surgical procedures that significally interfere with vital functions: neurosurgery, thoracic surgery, cardiac surgery, surgery of the aorta etc.

General anesthesia indications

Indications based on the patient condition:

-different pathologies or ongoing treatments that make the regional anesthesia tachniques contraindicated: the patients with coagulation disorders, anticoagulant treatments, infections or other lesions in the area where a regional anesthesia procedure would be performed; -systemic diseases with definite functional limitations: the patient with respiratory insufficency, shock, coma, major hydroelectrolytic or acido-basic imbalance.

Drugs used for general anesthesia

Hypnosis Analgesia Muscle relaxation Maintenance of homeostasis

can all be achieved by administering one or more drugs

Drugs used for general anesthesia Inhalatory anesthetics:

-gaseous form
nitrous oxide

-volatile liquids
halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane si desflurane

The advantage of entering and leaving the body by ventilation with minimal metabolization. They result in sedation, analgesia and light muscle relaxation.

The potency of an inhalatory anesthetic

MAC (minimal alveolar concentration)

= the alveolar concentration of the anesthetic that abolishes the movements caused by the skin incision in 50% of the patients

Each inhalatory anesthetic has its own specific MAC.

Modern anesthesia - new types of MAC:

MAC intubation ( MAC that facilitates the intubation in 50% of the patients); MAC bar (MAC that abolishes the hemodynamic response in 50% of the patients); MAC awake (MAC at which awakening occurs in 50% of the patients).

Inhalant anesthetic Nitrous oxide Halothane

Class

Concentration Advantages/disadvantages Side effects in balanced anesthesia 40-66% Light analgesia Accumulation in airway spaces Bronchodilatation Slow dynamics Bronchodilatation Medium dynamics Bronchodilatation Fast dynamics Cardio-vascular stability Airway irritant Special vapporiser Risk of hypoxemia Euforia Cardiovascular depression Vasodilatation

Gaseous

Volatile

1,5-2%

Isoflurane

Volatile

1,5-2%

Sevoflurane

Volatile

2-3%

Compound A

Desflurane

Volatile

6-8%

Sympathetic stimulation

 Intravenous

anesthetics:

Short acting: Barbiturates

metohexital thiopental, tiamital Imidazolic compounds etomidate Alkylphenols propofol Steroids eltanolone Long acting: Ketamine Benzodiazepines diazepam, midazolam

THIOPENTAL:

-very rapid induction; maximal effect in 40 s; -superficial anesthetic sleep; -NO an analgesic effect; -weak muscle relaxation. Administration: slow i.v. Side effects: risk of respiratory and circulatory depression

PROPOFOL -very liposoluble fatty acid; -hepatic metabolisation in great extent short effect;

Pharmacodynamic action: -pharmacologic effects similar with those of Thiopental; -less residual effects.

KETAMINE Pharmacodynamic action: Dissociative anesthetic: - dissociation from the environment - superficial sleep - strong analgesia Advantages:-No respiratory depressant effect; -hemodynamic stability by the release of catecholamines -bronchodilatatory effect

Hypnotic

Class

Induction dose 2-4 mg/kg

Single dose duration of action 5-10 min

Side effects

Thiopental

Short acting barbituric

Arterial hypotension, respiratory depression, tachycardia, decreases the cardiac output Arterial hypotension, respiratory depression, tachycardia Adrenal glad inhibition Interindividual response variability Respiratory depression

Propofol

Alkylphenol

1-2 mg/kg

5-10 min

Etomidat Diazepam

Imidazolic compound Benzodiazepines

0,3 mg/kg 0,3 mg/kg

5-10 min 10-60 min

Midazolam

Benzodiazepines

0,2-0,3 mg/kg

5-15 min

Analgetics:
Opioids: -the class of analgesics with the broadest intraanesthetic utilisation; -profound dose-dependant analgesia; -in spite of their quasi-constant use during general anesthesia, the opioids are not anesthetics because the loss of consciousness is not a regular effect -they regularly result in respiratory dosedependent depression. Cardiovascular depression is a variable effect.

Opioids

Class

Medium dose 0,2 mg/kg

Single dose duration of action 30-60 min

Side effects

Morphine

Agonist

Respiratory depression, sedation. hTA, bradycardia Sedation, nausea/vomiting, HTA, tachycardia Respiratory depression Respiratory depression Respiratory depression

Pethidine

/ Agonist Agonist Agonist Agonist Agonist Agonist/ antagonist

1 mg/kg

20-30 min

Fentanil Sufentanil Alfentanil Remifenta nil Buprenorp hine

5-15 g/kg 0,3-1 g/kg 5-50 g/kg 0,5-1 g/kg 0,3 mg

20 min

1-3 min 3-4 ore

Respiratory depression Ceilling effect

Muscle relaxants:
-substances that act at the neuromuscular junction level and prevent the transmission of the physiologic stimulus for the muscular contraction; -NO action on the CNS, NO loss of consciousness, NO analgesia; -utilized for the facilitation of the airway instrumentation, of mechanical ventilation and of the surgical intervention; -results in alveolar hypoventilation or apnea by the action on the respiratory muscles; -minimal cardio-vascular effects.

Muscular relaxant Succinylcholi ne Pancuronium Vecuronium

Class

Intubation dose 1-1,5 mg/kg 0,1 mg/kg 0,08 mg/kg

Single dose duration of action 10-15 min 30-40 min 20-30 min

Particular instructions Full stomach Bradycardia Cardiac affections Kidney failure

D ND ND

Atracurium

ND

0,5 mg/kg

20 min

Cisatracurium

ND

0,2 mg/kg

20 min

Kidney failure

Mivacurium

ND

0,2 mg/kg

10-15 min

Short interventions Full stomach

Rocuronium

ND

0,6-0,9 mg/kg

30-60 min

Anesthesia apparatus

Anesthesia Apparatus

Components:

-connection with the sources of medical fluids -flowmeters -vaporizers -anesthetic circuit -CO2 scavenger system -balloon ventilation system -overpressure valve -mechanical ventilation module -emergency oxygen delivery circuit

-ventilation parameters setting module; -ventilation parameters and inhalation anesthetics monitoring module; -alarm module; -vacuum system (sucction).

Intraanesthesic monitoring

Intraanesthesic monitoring Standard I:

-the presence in the room of an anesthesiologist or a qualified staff member throughout the duration of the anesthesia.

Standard II:
-oxygenation: inspiratory oxygen concentration (FiO2), pulsoxymetry (SpO2); -ventilation: clinical evaluation, auscultation, capnography; -circulation: electrocardioscopy (continuous), noninvasive arterial blood pressure and pulse measurement; -body temperature.

Monitoring Respiratory Airway pressure, tidal volume, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, O2/CO2 inspiratory concentration, concentration of volatile anesthetic agent, pulsoxymetry Non-invasive arterial pressure, multiple leads ECG, computerized analysis of ST segment, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure (systolic, medium, diastolic, wedge) cardiac output, extra-vascular pulmonary water, peripheral vascular resistance, ScvO2, SvO2. BIS (bispectral index) Peripheral nerve stimulator Diuresis

Cardiovascular

Hypnosis Muscle relaxation Renal Temperature Acid - base equilibrium Electrolytes Haematological analysis, coagulation studies Oxygen transportation Metabolic

Central, peripheral
Blood gas analysis Na, K, Cl, Ca Platelets, aPTT, INR

Hb, Ht, cardiac output, SaO2, PaO2 Glucose

Preanesthetic visit

Preanesthetic exam:
-psychological preparation of the patient; -clinical and laboratory evaluation of the patient; -asignement to an anesthetic risk group (ASA scale) -choosing the anesthetic technique and obtaining informed consent; -set up of an anesthetic plan.
Risk I Risk II Risk III Risk IV Risk V Risk VI E Patient without systemic diseases Patient with systemic diseases without functional limitation Patient with systemic diseases with functional limitation Patient with uncompensated systemic disease Dying patient Brain dead patient, organ donor Emergency procedure

the

Optimizing the patient status: -the correction of dysfunctions and diseases in the preoperative period. Premedication : -reduced anxiety and reduced need for intraoperative anesthetics; -decreasing certain risks (parasympathetic reflexes, the risk of aspiration); -the facilitation of postoperative analgesia.

Phases of general anesthesia

Induction phase: -the period of transition from the state of conscious to the state of general anesthesia; -CNS depression, ventilatory, cardiovascular depression, muscle relaxation; -securing the airway. Maintenace phase: -providing the adequate depth of anesthesia by administering anesthetics, analgesics and muscle relaxant agents. Emergency phase: -the interruption of the administration of all volatile or intravenous anesthetic agents; -the antagonisation of the muscle relaxant drug.

General anesthesia techniques

Balanced

anesthesia; Intravenous anesthesia; Volatile anesthesia; Combined techniques of general and regional anesthesia: -general anesthesia + epidural anesthesia.

General anesthesia complications Respiratory Cardio-vascular CNS Digestive Renal Metabolice Hidro-electrolitics Acid-base Coagulation Allergical Cutaneous Hypoxemia, hypercapnia laryngeal spasm, bronchospasm, aspiration, ARDS, atelectasis High/low blood pressure, tachy/bradycardia, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia , hypovolemia, low cardiac output Convulsions, shivers, post anoxic encephalopathy, paresis by compression or elongation of peripheral nerves Vomiting or regurgitation, hiccup Oligo/anuria, urinary retention, pre - renal failure Hyper/hypoglycemia, malignant hyperthermia Extracellular space expansion (interstitial oedema), hypo/hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia Hypercloremic metabolic acidosis, lactacidemic Thrombocytopenia, dilutional coagulopathy, deep venous thrombosis Cutaneous eruptions, Quincke oedema, bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock Decubitus injury, accidental burns

Regional anesthesia

Subarachnoid (spinal) Epidural Sequential Caudal

Regional anesthesia

Indications: -the area can be anesthetised using regional blocks; -the surgical procedure does not affect the vital functions; -patient's informed consent; Contraindications: -patient's refusal; -active coagulation disorders or anticoagulant treatment; -infections or haematoma at injection site; -neurological deficit and lack of cooperation.

Spinal Anethesia: analgesia muscle relaxation sympathetic blockade

-sympathetic blockade: hypotension, bradycardia, urinary retention; -hypovolemia is an absolute contraindication of spinal anesthesia; -epidural analgesia is the standard procedure for peripartum analgesia; -complications: systemic (high spred of anesthetictotal spinal anesthesia or systemic toxicity), headache.

Local anesthetics
Amides Lidocain Mepivacain Bupivacain Prilocain Etidocain Ropivacain Esters Procain Tetracain Benzocain

Clinical use of local anesthetics Central regional anesthesia/analgesia Regional intravenous anesthesia Peripheral nerve block or plexus Infiltration anesthesia Local anesthesia Blocking of thehemodynamic response during tracheal intubation in regional anesthesia we frequently use the combination between a local anesthetic and adrenaline, an opioid or clonidine, increasing the duration and quality of the block

During regional anesthesia mandatory equipments:

Anesthesia delivery system Equipments and materials for airway management Oxygen source Monitoring:

ventilation, pressure, EKG.

oxygenation,

circulation,

blood

 Spinal

anesthesia (sub-arachnoid block)

Epidural anesthesia

Sequential (combined) anesthesia spinal / epidural

Caudal anesthesia

Plexus anesthesia or peripheral nerves blockade

Single-shot Catheter

Local anesthesia
contact topical - skin, mucous membrane application tissue infiltration

Monitored anesthesia care

Monitored anesthesia care

- intravenous administration of anxiolytic, sedative, analgesic and amnesic drugs either isolated or supplementing a regional anesthesia procedure; - indicated in: painful diagnostic or therapeutic procedures or supplementing a inappropiate regional block; - the CPR equipments must be close-by at all times; - complications: respiratory depression with hypoventilation and loss of airway protection.