SUN TZU SCOPE

Introduction

Biographical Sketch
Salient Features of His Ideas and Strategies Impact of His Ideas on Conduct of War Validity of His Ideas and Doctrine to Modern Times

Place in History

Introduction
Supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemys resistance without fighting

Sequence
Introduction Biographical Sketch Salient Features of His Ideas and Strategies Impact of His Ideas on Conduct of War Validity of His Ideas and Doctrine to Modern Times Place in History

Biographical Sketch
5

Biographical Sketch
Names : Sun Tzu, Sun Wu, Sun Zi Name means : Master Sun Born : 5th Century BC

Birthplace : Chi State, China

Death : Before 473 BC Best known for : The Art of War

Biographical Sketch

King Ho Lu

Biographical Sketch
If the words of command are not clear and distinct, or if the instructions are not understood, it is the mistake of general Having once received his majestys commission to be general of these troops, there are certain commands, which in this capacity, I am unable to accept If the orders are clear but the soldiers disobey, it is the fault of their officers

Biographical Sketch

PING FA
10

Sun Tzu - Outside China

Japan 8th Century AD
Paris 1782 Translations : German Russian Italian First English Translation - 1905

11

Doctrine of Sun Tzu

Prepare adequate defences to repel any attack
Seek ways to defeat the enemy without engaging him in battle Follow the enemy situation in order to decide on battle

12

Salient Features

Ideas and Strategies

13

Ideas and Strategies

The art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life or death, a

road to survival or to ruin.

Hence it is mandatory that it be thoroughly studied.

Sun Tzu
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Ideas and Strategies

1. 2. 3.

Appraisals Waging War

7.

Manoeuvre

8.
9. 10. 11. 12.

Nine Variables
Marches Terrain Nine Grounds Act by Fire

Offensive Strategy
Dispositions

4.

5.
6.

Energy
Weaknesses and Strengths

13.

Secret Agents

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Appraisals
Moral Law Weather Terrain Commander Doctrine

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Appraisals
Moral Law Weather Terrain Commander Doctrine
To be in complete harmony with their leader, so that they accompany him in life unto death, without fear of mortal perils

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Appraisals
Moral Law Weather Terrain Commander Doctrine
Interaction of natural forces; the effects of winters cold and summers heat and the conduct of military operations accordingly

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Appraisals
Moral Law Weather Terrain Commander Doctrine
Ground Ease or Difficulty Distances Great or Small Places Dangerous or Secure Lands Open or Constricted Chances Life or Death

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Appraisals
Moral Law Weather Terrain Commander Doctrine
Wisdom Sincerity Humanity Courage Firmness

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Appraisals
Moral Law Weather Terrain Commander Doctrine

Organization & Control

Assignment of appropriate ranks to officers Maintenance of supply routes

Provision of principal items used by army

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Waging War
Victory is the main object in war. If this is prolonged,

weapons are blunted and

morale is depressed

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Waging War
No country has ever benefited from prolonged war
Speed and swiftness is the essence of victory Rapidity is of supreme importance in bringing it to a close

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Waging War

Treat your captives well

and care for them

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Offensive Strategy
All the available resources of the state should be used to wage war against the enemy It is important to attack enemys strategy and plans. Next to disrupt his alliances and then to attack his army

The best policy is to take a state intact; to ruin it is inferior to this

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Offensive Strategy
Those skilled in war subdue the enemy without fighting. They capture his cities without assaulting them and over throw his state without protracted operations Know the enemy and know yourself; in hundred battles you will never be in danger

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Dispositions
Invincibility lies in defence; the possibility of victory in attack A victorious army wins its victories before seeking battle; an army destined to defeat, fights in the hope of winning Those skilled in war, cultivate humanity and justice, and preserve laws and therefore formulate victorious policies

27

Energy
To control many is the same as to control few through formations and signals

influence and authority Force, When the torrential water which is exercised in war by tosses the rocks, it is because the commander of its momentum
When the strike of a hawk breaks the body of its prey, it is because of its timing

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Energy

Momentum of one skilled in war is overwhelming, and his attack precisely regulated His potential is that of a fully drawn crossbow; his timing, the release of the trigger

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Weaknesses & Strengths

If enemy is at ease, be able to exhaust him If enemy is well fed, be able to starve him If enemy is settled, be able to move him Appear at places to which enemy must rush to defend

Rush to places where he least

expects

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Weaknesses & Strengths

An army is like water; just as flowing water avoids heights and hastens to the lowlands, so an army avoids the enemy strength and strikes the weakness
One able to gain victory by modifying his tactics in accordance with the enemy situation, may be said to be divine

31

Manoeuvre
Speed and diversion

Dispersion and concentration of force to achieve deception

Attack when enemy morale is low Do not attack when enemy is organized and advancing

32

Manoeuvre

He who knows the art of the direct and the indirect

approach will be victorious

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The Nine Variables

1. 2.

Not to encamp in low lying ground

On communicating ground, unite with your allies

3.
4.

On isolated ground, do not linger

On enclosed ground, resourcefulness is needed

5.

On death ground, fight

34

The Nine Variables

6. 7. 8. 9.

Some roads, not to follow Some troops, not to strike Some cities, not to assault Some grounds, not to be contested

35

Marches

1. 2.

Encamp on high ground Fight downhill

3.

When attacking, let half the enemy cross the river and then cut him to size

36

Marches

4.

After crossing a river move away quickly Prefer high ground and take position upstream

5.

6.

Keep height to your rear and

right and battle in the front

37

Marches

He who lacks foresight and under estimates his

enemy will surely be

captured by him

38

Terrains
Accessible Land Enemy can traverse with equal ease
Entrapping Land Easy to get out but difficult to return Indecisive Land Ground equally disadvantageous to both sides

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Terrains
Constricted Land Block the passes and await the enemy Precipitous Land Take position on the sunny heights and await the enemy Distant Land When at a distance from the enemy of equal strength, it is difficult to provoke battle and unprofitable to engage him in his chosen position

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Nine Grounds
Dispersive Ground When a feudal lord fights in his own territory
Frontier Ground When a shallow penetration has been made into enemy territory Key Ground Equally advantageous for both sides Communicating Ground Equally accessible for both sides Focal Ground When a state is enclosed by three other states
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Nine Grounds
Serious Ground When penetrated deep into hostile territory
Difficult Ground Hard places like swamps, marshlands, mountains, forests etc Encircled Ground Where access is constricted and even small enemy force can strike Death Ground Where army fights with the courage of desperation
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Act by Fire

Hide in inaccessible places

Travel lightly & pay no attention to weather Exhaust the enemy while pursuing

43

Act by Fire

Camouflage well Vary your locations

frequently
Learn to move at night

44

Secret Agents
Foreknowledge cannot be obtained from spirits, nor from gods, nor by analogy with past events, nor from calculations. It must be obtained from men who

know the enemy situation

45

Secret Agents
Native Agents Local inhabitants of the area

Inside Agents Grieved or rejected enemy officials

Doubled Agents Enemy agents used through heavy bribes Expendable Agents Own agents deliberately employed to leak fabricated information to deceive enemy Living Agents Own clever, talented, tough and loyal agents, who are trained to gain access to the enemy and bring back true useful information

46

Secret Agents

If plans relating to a secret

operation are prematurely divulged, then the agents and all those in knowledge should be put to death

47

Sequence
Sqn Ldr Adnan Introduction Biographical Sketch Salient Features of His Ideas and Strategies Sqn Ldr Shahzad Impact of His Ideas on Conduct of War Validity of His Ideas and Doctrine to Modern Times Place in History

48

Impact of his Ideas on

Conduct of War
49

Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory

50

Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory
Every state must have a war doctrine of her own to defend against external aggression It is a doctrine of war not to assume the enemy will not come but rather to rely on readiness to meet him; not to presume that he will not attack, but rather to make oneself invincible

51

Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory
When enemy concentrates, prepare against him Anger his general and confuse him Keep him under strain to wear him down

When united divide him

Attack him where he is unprepared

52

Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory
Operational preparedness Swiftness Speed Operations should have specific aims
Victory is the main object in war. If it is delayed weapons are blunted and morale depressed, when troops attack cities, their strength will be exhausted
53

Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory
When ten to enemys one, surround him When five times his strength, attack him If double the strength, divide him If equally matched, you may engage him If weaker numerically, be capable of withdrawing If unequal, be capable of eluding him
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Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory

When capable, pretend incapacity; when active, inactivity When near, make it appear that you are far away; when far that you are near Offer the enemy a bait to lure him, pretend disorder and strike him

55

Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory

Protracted campaigns, lead to insufficient resources War demands victory, not prolonged operations

Master of the peoples fate and arbiter of the nation

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Impact on Conduct of War

Doctrine Strategy Operations Tactics Deception Limited War Victory
He who knows when to fight and when not to fight He who knows the use of small and large forces

He whose ranks are united in purpose

Prudent and lies in wait for a weak enemy Able Generals not hindered by the sovereign
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Art of Generalship
Dangerous Qualities
Reckless
Coward Short tempered Delicate sense of honour Compassionate

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Art of Generalship
The ruin of army and the
death of the general are inevitable results of these shortcomings. These must be deeply pondered

59

Impact on Leadership
Fight no battle unprepared and fight no battle you are not sure of winning
Replenish strength with arms and personnel captured from the enemy

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Validity of His Ideas and Doctrine to Modern Times

61

War in Pacific

When the enemy speaks in the humble tone, he

continues his preparation

and will advance

65

War in Pacific
December 7, 1941 Japanese bombing on Pearl Harbour When you are ignorant of the enemy

but you know yourself; the chances of

winning or losing the battle are equal

66

Korean War

To be certain to take what you attack, attack the place where enemy does not protect

67

Korean War

68

Vietnam War
Deception and psychological dominance Hot, dark and wet Language was strange

Foe not easily distinguishable from friend

American public unwilling to tolerate death

69

War in Afghanistan
Soviets were unfamiliar with the terrain and underestimated the will of Afghans Afghans were familiar with the terrain and employed guerilla warfare

70

Place in History
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Place in History

A compulsory course on

Sun Tzus strategic

thoughts be established in all the military academies throughout the world
Field Marshal Montgomery

72

Comparison with other strategists

Jomini

Clausewitz

Sun Tzu

73

Influence
Jomini American civil war

Clausewitz World Wars I and II

Sun Tzu Chinese warfare

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Concept of War
Jomini Sun Tzu
75

War forms a part of existence of man Discovered secrets behind art of waging war War and violence : A corollary War is an act of violence to compel the enemy to fulfill our will War is a recurrent conscious act Requires a rational analysis Not to be fought thoughtlessly or recklessly

Clausewitz

Relationship Policy & War

Advocates singularity of command Sovereign and general are one Fails to understand the roles of ruler and general War is to be regarded as a political instrument War decision to rest with sovereign No interference by the sovereign after declaration of war

Sun Tzu
76

Clausewitz

Jomini

Tactics
Taught Napoleans method of war but as conditions changed the methods became outdated

Does not dwell much on the forms and methods of war

Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances

Sun Tzu
78

Clausewitz

Jomini

Surprise and Deception

In terms of time and space Jomini Sun Tzu
79

Surprise lies at the foundation of all undertakings

All warfare is based on deception When capable feign incapacity; When active, inactivity When near make it appear you are far

Clausewitz

Psycho-Moral Aspects
Hasnt mentioned much about it Jomini Sun Tzu
80

War is a battle of opposing wills, hence the breaching of enemys will should be the object of war Primary target in war is the mind of the opposing commander

Clausewitz

Terrain
Hasnt elaborated Jomini Sun Tzu
81

Geography and the character of ground bear a close relation to warfare. They have an influence on engagement, its planning and exploitation
A general who is unable to use ground properly is unfit for command

Clausewitz

Intelligence
Efficient espionage and aggressive reconnaissance is vital for battle plan

Hasnt covered

What enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike, conquer and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge

Sun Tzu
82

Clausewitz

Jomini

Stratagem
The skillful leader subdues the enemy troops without fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without any lengthy operations in field. With his forces intact, his triumph will be complete

83

Aim of War
Destruction of enemy forces and capture of territory

Never grasped that true aim of war is peace and not victory

There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare

Sun Tzu
84

Clausewitz

Jomini

Application of theory
Never commanded a division Wrote about war from an observers viewpoint Never commanded a division Could not validate his theories through practice

Has put his own theories to test Wrote a treatise on war and proved his own theories

Sun Tzu
85

Clausewitz

Jomini

Conclusion
86

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