Noorlaily Fitdiarini

1
You are the manager of a Hotel Group. Guests who
are satisfied with the quality of services during
their stay are more likely to return on a future
vacation and to recommended the hotel to friends
and relatives. To asses the quality of services being
provided by your hotels, guest are encourage to
compete a satisfaction survey when they check out.
You need to analyze the data from these surveys to
determine the overall satisfaction with the service
provided, the likelihood that the guests will return
to the hotel, and the reasons some guests indicate
that they will not return.
2
Comparing the tallies or counts of
categorical responses between two
independent groups two way cross-
classification table (contingency table)

H
0
: there is no difference between the two
population proportions
H
0
: p
1
=p
2
H
1
: two population proportions are not the
same
H
0
: p
1
p
2
3
It is never negative
There is a family of chi-square distributions
The shape of the chi-square distribution does not
depend on the size of the sample, but the number
of categories used (k)
It is positively skewed
As the number of both d.f. increases, the
distribution begins to approximate the normal
distribution

4
5
CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
df = 3
df = 5
df = 10
_
2
2-2
Compare several proportion (Multinomial Test)
One of nonparametric or distribution-free tests of hypothesis
Data : nominal-scale or ordinal-scale
The test statistic is :


test statistic is equal to the squared difference between the
observed and expected frequencies, divided by the expected
frequency in each cell of the table
f
0
is observed frequency in a particular cell of a contingency
table
f
e
is theoretical or expected frequency in a particular cell if the
null hypothesis is true
2
_
6
( )
(

E =
e
e
f
f f
x
2
0
2
Row
Variable
Column variable (group)

1 2 totals
successe
s
X
1
X
2
X
failures n
1
-X
1
n
2
-X n-X
totals n
1
n
2
n
7
X
1
= number of successes in group 1
X
2
= number of successes in group 2
n
1
-X
1
= number of failures in group 1
n
2
-X
2
= number of failures in group 2
X= X
1
+ X
2
is the total number of successes
n-X=(n
1
-X
1
)+(n
2
-X
2
) is the total number of
failures
n
1
=the sample size in group 1
n
2
=the sample size in group 2
n=n
1
+n
2
is the total sample size

8
Choose
hotel
again?
Hotel
Sheraton
lagoon
Sheraton
Nusa Dua
Total
yes 163 154 317
no 64 108 172
Total 227 262 489
9
Chi-Square Test: Lagoon, Nusa Dua


Expected counts are printed below observed counts

Lagoon Nusa Dua Total
1 163 154 317
147.16 169.84

2 64 108 172
79.84 92.16

Total 227 262 489

Chi-Sq = 1.706 + 1.478 +
3.144 + 2.724 = 9.053
DF = 1, P-Value = 0.003
10
Chi-square test is used to :
Test whether an observed set of frequencies could
have come from a hypothesized population
distribution
Determine whether the sample observations come
from a particular distribution such as the normal
distribution
Contingency table analysis, is used to test whether
two traits or characteristics are related (Test of
Independency)




11

12
0
0
(1-)

2

Region of non-rejection
Region of rejection
Critical value
Reject H
0
if
2
>
2
U
Otherwise do not reject H
0

If the null hypothesis is true, the computed
statistic should be close to zero because the
squared difference between what is actually
observed in each cell f
0
, and what is theoretically
expected f
e
, would be very small
On the other hand, if H
0
is false, and there are real
differences in the population proportions, the
computed statistic is expected to be large. This
is because the difference between what is actually
observed in each cell and what is theoretically
expected will be magnified when the difference are
squared
2
_
2
_
13
The purpose of Goodness-of-Fit Test is to
compare an observed set of frequencies
(fo) to an expected set of frequencies (fe).
Ho: no difference between fo and fe
H1: there is a difference between fo and fe
The critical value is a chi-square value with
(k - 1) degrees of freedom, where k is the
number of categories
14

Pemain
Jumlah
Terjual (fo)
Jumlah yang
diharapkan Terjual
(fe)
Owen 13 20
Ronaldo 33 20
Nesta 14 20
Dida 7 20
Becham 36 20
Zidane 17 20
TOTAL 120 120
15
Pemain fo fe (fo fe) (fo fe)
2
Owen 13 20 -7 49 2,45
Ronaldo 33 20 13 169 8,45
Vieri 14 20 -6 36 1,80
Buffon 7 20 -13 169 8,45
Becham 36 20 16 256 12,80
Zidane 17 20 -3 9 0,45
0 34,40
16
e
e o
f
f f
2
) (
2
X
Contoh :
Dosen mengharapkan distribusi nilai ujian
: A = 40%, B = 40%, dan C = 20%. Hasil
ujian menunjukkan distribusi nilai sebagai
berikut :
A : 30 orang B : 20 orang C : 10 orang
Uji dengan level of significance 10%,
apakah distribusi nilai tersebut sesuai
dengan harapan dosen tersebut ?
17
If there are only two cells, the expected
frequency in each cell should be 5 or more
For more than two cells, Chi-Square should not
be used if more than 20% of the expected
frequency cells have expected frequency less
than 5.
18
Level of Management fo fe
Foreman 30 32
Supervisor 110 113
Manager 86 87
Middle Manager 23 24
Assistant vice president 5 2
Vice president 5 4
Senior vice president 4 1
TOTAL 263 263
19
Level of Management fo fe
Foreman 30 32
Supervisor 110 113
Manager 86 87
Middle Manager 23 24
Vice president 14 7
TOTAL 263 263
20
Purpose: To test whether the observed
frequencies in a frequency distribution match
the theoretical normal distribution.
Procedure:
Determine the mean and standard deviation of the
frequency distribution.
Compute the z-value for the lower class limit and
the upper class limit for each class.
Determine fe for each category
Use the chi-square goodness-of-fit test to
determine if fo coincides with fe.
21
Salary ($ 000) frequency
20 30 4
30 40 20
40 50 41
50 60 44
60 70 29
70 80 16
80 90 2
90 100 4
TOTAL 160
22
76 . 13
03 . 54
=
=
o

Salary (S 000) Z Value Area fe

Under 30 Under 1.75 0.0401 6.416
30 40 -1.75 to -1.02 0.1138 18.208
40 50 -1.02 to -0.29 0.2320 37.120
50 60 -0.29 to 0.43 0.2805 44.880
60 70 0.43 to 1.16 0.2106 33.696
70 80 1.16 to 1.89 0.0936 14.976
80 or more over 1.89 0.0294 1.704
1 160
23
o

=
x
Z
Salary (S 000) fo fe (fo
fe)
(fo fe)
2
Under 30 4 6.416 -2.416 5.837 0.910
30 40 20 18.208 1.792 3.211 0.176
40 50 41 37.120 3.880 15.054 0.406
50 60 44 44.880 -0.880 0.774 0.017
60 70 29 33.696 -4.696 22.052 0.654
70 80 16 14.976 1.024 1.049 0.070
80 or more 6 1.704 1.296 1.680 0.357
160 160 2.590
24
e
e o
f
f f
2
) (
2
X
Suppose we knew the mean and standard
deviation of population but wished to find
whether some sample data conform to
the normal distribution,
d.f. = k - 1
On the other hand, if we dont know the
mean and standard deviation of
population but we wish to test whether
some sample data follow the normal
distribution,
d.f. = k p 1
(where p is the number of population
parameter being estimated from the
sample data)
25
Contingency table analysis is used to test
whether two traits or variables are related.
Two-way classification table
Each observation is classified according to two
variables.
d.f. : (number of rows-1)(number of columns-
1).
The expected frequency (fe) is computed as:


Coefficient of Contingency :

26
( )( )
total Grand
total Coloumn total Row
f
e
_
_ _
=
N X
X
C
+
=
2
2
Manajer produksi meneliti tingkat kerusakan
pada mesin produksi. Hasilnya pengamatan
terhadap barang yang diproduksi sebagai
berikut




Apakah kerusakan tersebut disebabkan
mesin atau kebetulan saja ? Uji dengan o =
0,05

l 27
Kondisi Mesin 1 Mesin 2 Mesin 3
Rusak 12 15 6
Baik 88 105 74
Lembaga riset meneliti apakah ada
hubungan antara jenis surat kabar yang
dibaca dengan kelompok masyarakat.
Hasilnya sebagai berikut :






Uji dengan o = 0,1
28
Surat Kabar
Kelompok A B C
Atas 170 124 90
Menengah 120 112 100
Bawah 130 90 88