Murali Krishna.

INDEX

Definition Introduction to telecommunications Major creators of telecommunications Evolution of Telecommunications Generations of telecommunications 1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation Conclusion

DEFINITION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Telecommunications eliminated a master-to-servant

relationship: replacing the service of a messenger by mechanical telegraph in 1794, by copper wires in 1837, by electromagnetic waves in 1896, and by optical fiber in 1973.
Edouard Estaunie (18621942) in 1904 In his book he

defined telecommunication as information exchange by means of electrical signals. Estaunie thus limited telecommunications explicitly to electrical signals.

Within two centuries telecommunications experienced tremendous progress.

This development is best demonstrated by the example of transatlantic submarine cable transmission:

1866. The first transatlantic telegraph cable installed. Morse-coded telegraph

channel with a speed of about 5 words per minute.

1956. The first transatlantic telephone cable installed. operated 36 telephone

channels on two separate cables.

2000. The state-of-the art transatlantic fiber optic cable installed.

12 fibers each with a capacity of 40 WDM 10-Gbps channels, thus a total of 4.8

Tbps, which is equivalent to 58,060,800 telephone channels.

MAJOR CREATORS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

These persons, in their time, usually faced strong opposition and needed to put forth substantial effort to obtain recognition and acceptance of their invention.
Claude Chappe (17631805) Claude Chappe began the era of telecommunications with the successful operation of his optical telegraph between Paris and Lille on August 15, 1794 he committed suicide at the age of 42 as depressed by the people. Samuel Finley Breese Morse (17911872) The electrical telegraph had many fathers and they all developed unique solutions. But, the writing telegraph of Morse proved its superiority and found worldwide use.

Alexander Graham Bell (18471922)

The telephone era begun in 1876 in the United States with the operation of a telephone line across a 2-mile stretch between Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, with telephone apparatus produced by Bell.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (18571894) Heinrich Hertz laid the basis for radio transmission with successful experiments in 18871889 that proved the existence of electromagnetic radiation and its similarity to the behavior of light.

Unfortunately, he became ill and died at the age of 37.

Guglielmo Marconi (18741937) Marconi succeeded in transmitting a radio signal over a few kilometers at Bologna in 1896. Alec H. Reeves (19021971) Alec H. Reeves conceived the idea of digitizing speech and patented his pulse-code-modulation (PCM) procedure, but at a time when the prevailing technology prevented its economical realization.

The trunk of the tree represents the technological prerequisites for successive unfolding of the various telecommunication domains into the branches of the tree The leaves of the branches represent evolution within the separate telecommunication domains

EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION
The bases of telecommunications, and thus the roots of the tree, are science and industrialization.

Optical telegraphy became possible, and thus telecommunications

could grow, once the telescope was available and basic mechanical constructions could be made with sufficient accuracy
The theory of electromagnetism and the development of precision mechanics nourished the growth of an electrical telegraphy branch.

Electrical telegraphy started with code-writing telegraphs and

needle telegraphs and so on. Copper-line transmission systems:
Basic laws of electricity and the discovery of gutta-percha began the evolution of copper-line transmission systems on open wire, copper cable, and coaxial cable.

EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION
The basic theory of sound developed by Helmholtz supported the evolution from telegraphy to telephony. The early automation of industrial processes enabled the replacement of manual switchboards by automatic switching devices.

The discovery of electromagnetic radiation and the subsequent development of devices for generating and detecting such waves led to the development of radio-telegraphy.

The creation of electronic tubes (diodes and triodes) started the electronic era, which enabled the evolution from radio-telegraphy to radio-telephony and mobile radio.

EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION The feedback principle applied in electronic circuitry facilitated the generation of high frequencies and thus the development of medium- and shortwave radio transmission and a new technology of circuit
combination: carrier frequency, or multiplexing.

The development of very high frequency generators in 1920 and velocitymodulated electronic tubes in the early 1930s made radio-relay transmission possible,
Rockets, transistors, and solar cells were the ingredients for the satellite branch. The laser and extremely pure glass enabled the fiber optics branch to grow.

ICs (integrated circuits) and microprocessors were the nourishment for the cellular radio branch. The convergence of communications and computers (C&C) and the application of CD-ROMs for high-volume data storage is currently leading to multimedia services

EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION(FUTURE)

The first new leaf will probably represent an entirely new range of combined optical transmission-

switching systems.

Another leaf might represent wireless broadband links in metropolitan areas provided by subspace flying base stations located in unmanned balloons and airplanes circling in the stratosphere.

Chronology of telecommunications.

Classical telecommunication networks.

OPTICAL TELEGRAPHY

Tachygraphe of Claude Chappe.

ORIGIN of Wireless Communication

1864 1886

James

Maxwell

Rudolph

Hertz

Predicts existence of radio waves.

Demonstrates radio waves.

1895-1901

Guglielmo

Marconi

Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances

1980s

Analog Voice

1G
AMPS
Typical 2.4 Kbps

TACS

NM

1G
Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) Deployed in US , Japan : 1983
Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland : 1981

Total Access Communication System (TACS)

British System, similar to AMPS : 1985

1990s

Digital Voice

2G
GSM
9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)

CDMA

TDMA

2G GSM
Global system for Mobile
Based on TDMA ; Europe

900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz.

Later 850 Mhz and 1900 Mhz in Americas Quad Band ; World Phones

2G - CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
cdmaOne or IS-95 All users use same freq band ; 800 Mhz Major success in Korea, Used by Verizon and Sprint Easy Migration to 3G

Circuit Switching

Dedicated end to end connection A private road all for yourself

Packet Switching

Divided packets can take different paths and times

A shared highway

2001

2.5G
GPRS Packet Data

2.5G - GPRS
General Packet Radio Service - An Overlay

technology on top of the existing GSM systems.

Data rate = 56 114Kbps. 4 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used. Factors affecting downlink/uplink speed:
TDMA slots

Multi-slot class
Channel Encoding used.

HSCSD
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data. An enhancement to CSD Multiple timeslots used. Data rates up to 38.4 Kbps (4 times CSD).
In reality supports 14.4Kbps.

Expensive than CSD. Latency less that GPRS.

2003

Packet Data

2.75G
EDGE CDMA 1xRTT

EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM) Superset of GPRS. Data rate = 4 times GPRS. 9 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used Gaussian min shift keying and 8PSK.

Evolved EDGE
Data rate = 1Mbps Encoding technique 32QAM and 16QAM. Requires simple network enhancements with software update.

CDMA 1xRTT
1x is an abbreviation of 1xRTT (1x Radio Transmission

Technology).1x refers to the no. of duplex radio channels.

Supports

33-35 simultaneous voice 1.25MHz.(cdmaOne = 20 voice calls)

calls

per

Encoding technique:
BPSK for forward and reverse link.

Data Rate = 153 Kbps/153 Kbps.

Software and minimum hardware update.

114 Kbps

GPRS
384 Kbps

EDGE

3GPP
1.92 Mbps
14 Mbps

100 Mbps

LTE

WCDM A

HSPA

114 Kbps

1xRTT

3GPP2
2.4 Mbps 288 Mbps

EV-DO

UMB
(abandoned 2008 Nov & favoring LTE)

CDMA2000 IMT2000

3G
W-CDMA (UMTS)

UMTS
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. Also known as W-CDMA. W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA and TDD channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz channels.

Requires new cell towers & frequency allocations.

Data rate = 1Mbps(theoritical)

Frequency bands:
Uplink 1885-2025 MHz (mobile-to-base ) Downlink 2110-2200 MHz (base-to-mobile).

CDMA2000
EVDO Rel 0 (Evolution-Data Optimized or

Evolution-Data only Release 0)

Data rates:
Forward link - 2.4Mbps. Reverse link - 153kbps.

Encoding technique:
Forward link 16QAM.
Reverse link - BPSK.

HSDPA

HSUPA

3.5G
EVDO-Rev A EVDO-Rev B

HSPA
High Speed Packet Access is a collection of two High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Data rates for Forward link - 14.4Mbps. Encoding technique QPSK and 16QAM

mobile telephony protocols HSDPA and HSUPA.

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) or EUL(Enhanced Uplink)

Data rates for Reverse link - 5.76Mbps.

Just a software update for most WCDMA networks.

HSPA+
Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) Data rates:
Forward link - 42Mbps. Reverse link - 22Mbps.

Encoding technique 64QAM.

EVDO Rev A
EVDO Rev A (Revision A) Also called as EV-DV (Evolution Data/Voice) Data rates:
Forward link - 3.1Mbps. Reverse link - 1.8Mbps.

Encoding technique:
Forward link 16QAM. Reverse link - QPSK and 8PSK.

EVDO Rev B
Combine up to fifteen 1.25MHz carriers (20MHz) in

forward and/or reverse link. Carriers not physically combined and not adjacent to each other.
Forward link = 3.1Mbps*15channels = 47Mbps. Reverse link = 1.8Mbps*15channels = 27Mbps.

Data rate:

Encoding technique 64QAM. Uplink data rate increases from 3.1Mbps to 4.9Mbps per channel.

Thus, Data rate:

Forward link = 4.9Mbps*15channels = 74Mbps.

Only software updation required.

Video Services

Location Based Services

Instant Messaging Multi Player Gaming

CHANGE S IN HANDSE TS

TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED

SPEEDS

Advantages & Limitations

Conclusion
India is huge market and none of service providers can dare to ignore its

potential. Thats why Indian mobile service provider industry is growing leap and bounce for the last decade. This journey of 1 million to 50 million will keep it pace until each citizen in India will have his own mobile. Industry has many phases in its growth. Now mobile doesnt mean a only a medium of communication. Services providers are now willing to provide varies facilities like entertainment (music, video etc.) and even banking also. We can say that business is transforming in e-commerce to m-commerce (mobilecommerce). In short we can say drastic change has came in the industry along

with expanding its base in subscribers, they are keeping eye not only to offer
new facilities but also to be the first to provide it