DRM

Markos Budusa
BDU, DRMSD
COURSE TITLE: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT COURSES CODE:DRMS1011 ST TARGET GROUP: 1 YEAR DRMS STUDENTS
Chapter one: Basics of DRM

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1.1. Terminologies Disaster Hazard Vulnerability Risk Capacity
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Learning Objectives
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At the end of this session, students will be able to:
Understand and differentiate basic terminologies and concepts used in disaster risk management
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QUESTION What is difference between Hazard, Risk and Disaster? Vulnerability, capacity, resilience
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Hazard
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A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
There is a Potential for occurrence
Hazard contd
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A hazard is a potentially damaging physical event, natural phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation (UN ISDR, 2004).
Disaster
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A serious disruption of the functioning
of a community or a society involving

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources
Risk
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The probability that a communitys structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.
Risk contd
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The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.
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Risk contd
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Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability
Hazard: The more severe the hazard, and the more likely it is to occur, the greater the risk. Vulnerability: The more vulnerable a community is (the less capacity it has to respond to a crisis) the greater the risk
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Elements at Risk
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Vulnerability
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Is a condition or sets of conditions that reduces peoples ability to prepare for, withstand or respond to a hazard
Capacity
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The combination of all the strengths & resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals
Resilience
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Resilience is the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure (ISDR, 2004).
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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE/RELIEF
MITIGATION
PREVENTION
Disaster Management Cycle

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REHABILITATION
RECONSTRUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
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Response
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The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.
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Relief
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Measures that are required in search and rescue of survivors, as well to meet the basic needs for shelter, water, food & health care.
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QUESTION What is difference between Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction?
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Recovery
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The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.
Rehabilitation
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Restoration of an entity to its normal or nearnormal functional conditions after the occurrence of a disaster. It includes; Re-establish essential services;
Revive key economic and social activities

Reconstruction
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Permanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and infrastructure and
to set the economy back on course.
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Development
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Sustained efforts intended to improve or maintain the social and economic wellbeing of a community
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QUESTION What is difference between Mitigation, Preparedness and Prevention?
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Prevention
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The complete avoidance of adverse

impacts of hazards and related disasters
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Mitigation
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Measures taken prior to the impact of a

disaster to minimize its effects (sometimes referred to as structural and non-structural measures).
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Mitigation
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The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.
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Preparedness
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Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.
Disaster Management
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A collective term encompassing all aspects of
planning for preparing and responding to

disasters.
It refers to the management of the consequences

of disasters.
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Disaster Risk Management

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The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to
implement strategies, policies and improved coping

capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of
hazards and the possibility of disaster.
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Stress on proactive disaster management responses of
prevention, mitigation and

preparedness
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Emergency
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A sudden and usually unforeseen event that requires immediate action to minimize consequences.
Emergencies may be routine adverse events that do not have community-wide impact or do not require extraordinary use of resources or procedures to bring
conditions back to normal (also referred to as a

critical incident).
Preparedness
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The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to
effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover

from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current
hazard events or conditions.
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Prevention
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The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of
hazards and related disasters.
prevention (i.e. disaster prevention) expresses the
concept and intention to completely avoid potential

adverse impacts through action taken in advance.
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Prevention contd
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Examples include dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks, land-use regulations that do not permit any settlement in high risk zones, and seismic engineering designs that ensure the survival and function of a critical building in any
likely earthquake.
Prevention contd
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Very often the complete avoidance of losses is not feasible and the task transforms to that of mitigation.
Partly for this reason, the terms prevention and mitigation are sometimes used interchangeably in casual use.
Prevention/Mitigation
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Prevention/Mitigation Examples: o Flood defences, stronger buildings o Appropriate land use, environmental awareness o Health and life skills education o Relocation or protection of vulnerable populations or structures o School evacuation plans o Child protection networks o Community participation in risk analysis
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Recovery
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The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.
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Response
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The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.
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Disaster Risk
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Hazard * Vulnerability Disaster Risk = -----------------Capacity
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Paradigm Shift
A paradigm-shift from the earlier emphasis primarily on response and relief to a regime that focuses upon mitigation, prevention and preparedness to rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery by providing for :
Creation of a Policy, Legal & Institutional framework with effective statutory and financial support. Mainstreaming of multi sectoral DM concerns into the developmental process. A continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating & implementing policies and plans with community based participatory, inclusive and sustainable manner.
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Risk Reduction
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Risk reduction is an evolving area of disaster risk management aimed at risk elimination or reduction by intervening in the vulnerability of a community, of an area, of infrastructure, etc.
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Risk Reduction
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Risk Reduction involves measures designed either to prevent hazards from creating risks or to lessen the distribution, intensity or severity of hazards (know as mitigation). It also includes improved preparedness for adverse events.
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
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Emergency Preparedness
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Programme of long-term activities whose goals are to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of a country or a community to manage efficiently all types of emergencies. (These measures should be monitored and evaluated regularly). Supports an orderly transition from relief through recovery, and back to sustained development. Includes the development of emergency plans Training of personnel at all levels and in all sectors be trained Awareness raising for at risk communities

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The systematic management of administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters.
This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of hazards. (ISDR, 2004).
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Components
Activities
Risk Identification
Risk Reduction Risk Transfer Preparedness, Alert, Response Recovery
Hazard and Vulnerability Studies

Prevention and Mitigation Insurance /Risk Financing Forecasting, dissemination of warnings, implementing preparedness measures
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Early warning system

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The set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities
and organizations threatened by a hazard to

prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient
time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss.
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Emergency management
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The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps.
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Risk assessment
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A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.
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Vulnerability Assessment
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Vulnerability assessments are systematic examinations of population, buildings, infrastructure and selected geographic areas to identify who, what and where are susceptible to damage from the effects of natural hazards.
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Sustainable Development
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Sustainable development is seeking to meet the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations. We have to learn our way out of current social and environmental problems and learn to live sustainably. Sustainable development is a vision of development that encompasses populations, animal and plant species, ecosystems, natural resources and that integrates concerns such as the fight against poverty, gender equality, human rights, education for all, health, human security, intercultural dialogue, etc.
1.2. Disaster and Disaster Risk Management

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In Latin disaster means Bad star. Disaster can happen starting from the creation of nature up to now. It will also live with as forever. Disaster can be considered as act of God which is irrevocable (irremovable). Considered as natural hazard Disaster can be defined in various ways depending on perceptions of scholars, school of taught etc.
Concepts
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Disasters are characterized as unfortunate things that happen from time to time to people and their activities.
What was missing is that political and economic

forces create conditions that result in an earthquake
having disastrous impacts for some people and

communities.
Concepts
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Disasters, from a vulnerability perspective, are
understood as bound up in the specific histories and

socio-cultural practices of the affected people taken in
the context of their political and economic systems
The value of a vulnerability approach lies in its openness to cultural specificity, social variability, diversity, contingency, and local agency .
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Disasters and other environmental problems are too often treated, not as symptoms of more basic political and economic processes, but rather as accidents whose effects can be remedied by sufficient application of technical skill and
knowledge.
Definitions of Disaster
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Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of

a society, causing widespread human, material, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the

affected society to cope within its own resources.
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Definition Contd
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Disaster is a natural or man made event that negatively affects life, property, livelihood or industries often resulting in permanent changes to human societies, ecosystems and environment.
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Definition Contd
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Disaster is the impact of a natural or man

made hazard that negatively affects society and environment
Disaster is an event that requires resources beyond the capability of a community and
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Disaster Management
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Disaster management refers to the range of activities

designed to maintain control over a disaster and
emergency situation and to provide a framework for

helping at risk persons to avoid or recover from the
impact of the disaster.

Disaster Management contd

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT is defined as a comprehensive strategy based on a set of activities to reduce loss: Reduction of the vulnerability of the elements at risk Ensuring that adequate measures are implemented before disaster strikes
1. 2.
3.
Responding as efficiently and effectively as possible to

disasters when they occur Assuring a sustainable development of the region stricken
4.
Objectives of Disaster Management

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1.
Save Lives Reduce Suffering
2.
3.
Speed Recovery
Provide Protection
4.
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Disaster risk management

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Disaster management can be defined as the effective

organization, direction and utilization of available counter-disaster resources. The modern view is that there must be pre-disaster mitigation measures to avoid or reduce impact of disasters. Pre-disaster measures to prevent or mitigate disasters are called Risk Management
Disaster risk management contd

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Disaster Risk management:- The systematic process of

using administrative decisions, organization,
operational skills and capacities to implement policies,

strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters.
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This comprises all forms of activities, including

structural and non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of hazards.
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What is disaster risk management?

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Disaster risk management includes administrative decisions and operational activities that involve Prevention Mitigation Preparedness Response Recovery and Rehabilitation.
Disaster risk management involves all levels of government, nongovernmental and community-based organizations play a vital role in the process.
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Disaster risk reduction(disaster reduction)
The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development.
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The Disaster Risk Reduction Framework includes
Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis and vulnerability/capacity analysis;
Knowledge development including education, training,
research and information;
Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including organisational, policy, legislation and community action
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Application of measures including environmental management, land-use and urban planning, protection of critical facilities, application of science and technology, partnership and networking, and financial instruments; Early warning systems including forecasting,
dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures

and reaction capacities.
1.3. Elements of Disaster Management

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Risk Management
Identifying threats Determining
(hazards likely to occur),
their probability of occurrence,
Estimating potential impact of the threat in the

communities at risk
Determining
measures that can reduce the risk, and
Taking action to reduce the threat.

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Hazard
mapping
Vulnerability mapping of potential losses (housing and physical
Estimation
structures, agricultural, economic and infrastructures)

Development of
appropriate disaster prevention and
mitigation strategies.
Loss Management
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Pre-disaster loss management activities focus on reducing the communitys vulnerability to hazards. Actions include improving the resistance of buildings and physical structures, providing improved safety for the occupants of building or settlements situated in hazardous areas, and increasing/ diversifying the network of social support mechanisms available to communities in threatened areas.
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Post-disaster loss management focuses on improving the response and broadening the range of support given to victims that includes facilitating relief delivery and stimulating a rapid recovery.
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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
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Disaster Preparedness includes measures taken to deal with a threat when it occurs, e.g. warnings and evacuation.
aimed at minimizing loss of life, disruption of critical services and damage.
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Control of Events
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Anticipation of a disaster and the cause-effect relationship generated by Each type of event Mitigation or reduction of the scope of disaster Disaster preparedness Accurate information collection and assessment Balanced response Timely actions Effective leadership Discipline among people involved in the relief and disaster management system. Markos Budusa BDU, DRMSD
Equity of Assistance
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Disaster assistance should be provided in an equitable and fair manner. Fairness must underlie uniform relief and reconstruction policies in order to insure that disaster victims receive fair treatment and obtain adequate access to resources available.
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Resource Management
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In order to meet all competing needs and demands of a post-disaster environment, resource management becomes essential. The use of available resources should be maximized to the greatest advantage.
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Impact Reduction
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Disasters can have impact far beyond the immediate human, physical or economic losses. Disasters represent a loss of opportunity not only to individuals but also to the entire community. Seriously setback to the countrys entire development program
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Disaster should be managed to reduce their impacts to the minimum and that recovery is accomplished quickly and their efforts contribute to the overall development needs of the country and its citizens. Spatial and societal levels of impacts Six spatial and societal levels are
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Global - few hazards are global in their impacts, although some, such as rising sea- levels, depletion of the ozone layer, or catastrophic nuclear accidents, will clearly have global impacts
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National - national impacts of hazards are more usually indirect rather than direct, such as the longer-term economic costs of financing recovery, serious disruptions to transport and communications, or the displacement of populations and their consequent need for resettlement elsewhere
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Regional - most disaster events have their most serious impact at the regional level. It is at this level where the human disruptions, both social and economic, are usually most felt and where most disaster management strategies need to be focused
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Community - hazards affect communities and, in the first instance, it is usually at the community level where responses to the needs created by such events originate. Vulnerability to hazards, and the concomitant capacity to respond, varies greatly from community to community
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Family/Household - the family/household is the ultimate grouping affected by, and required to respond to a hazard. Disasters disrupt families; their numbers can be decimated or their economic foundation destroyed; and,
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Individual - hazards impact upon individuals in different degrees. Women may become more marginalized, children more traumatized. Some have the tenacity to quickly rebound from set-backs caused by such events, others may respond with fatalism or dependency.
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1.4. DRM as multidisciplinary field

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Disaster Risk Management is a multidisciplinary subject which combines the science and art. In Disaster Risk Management is studying the nature of natural and man made hazards which leads to disaster, the impact of disaster and designing and implementing risk reduction activities (pre and post disaster phase) It interlink both the natural and social science principles like agriculture, engineering, technology, astronomy, geography, geology, sociology, Budusa BDU, DRMSD psychology andMarkos etc
Natural Science can be Applied

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to describe the nature of both natural and man made hazards establish best early warning systems analyze the root cause and impact of each disaster events and devise various disaster management strategies of pre during and post disaster phases.
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Social sciences can be applied

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To describe the nature man made hazards Analyzing the impact of both natural and man made disaster impacts on society and environment
Analyzing the vulnerable groups of a particular community geographical area with a particular period and hazard
1.2. Overview of disaster in Ethiopia

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Ethiopia is vulnerable to disasters caused by drought, earthquake, flood, war and conflict, human and livestock diseases, pests, wild fire and land slide
Different hazards occur with varying frequency and severity.

Drought
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Hydro-meteorological hazards, particularly drought, are the leading cause of disaster and human suffering in Ethiopian terms of frequency, area covered and the number of people affected.
Drought is not a disaster by itself it becomes a disaster when it meets a vulnerable condition.
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Ethiopia is vulnerable to shocks: drought hazard is synonymous with disaster. Minor climatic variations can trigger acute food security, which can easily escalate to full scale disaster.
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Impacts of drought hazards in Ethiopia

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War and Civil Strife

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war and conflict in Ethiopia goes back to its ancient history. Wars have been fought at different times against foreign aggressors and between different communities in Ethiopia. The struggle for political power and control of resources has been the major cause of conflict and tension among the peoples of Ethiopia and the country has lost the most productive segments of its population to war and internal strife. The battle of Adawa in 1896, the climatic battle of the firs Italo-Abyssian war, is but one example an estimated 5,000 Ethiopians were killed and 8,000 injured.
Epidemics
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Epidemics, both human and livestock, have also caused serious famine in the country. The great famine of Ethiopia (1888- 1892) was probably caused by an epidemic of a livestock disease, rinderpest. Malaria is endemic in more than 70% of the country and often reaches the scale of an emergency during and immediately after the rainy seasons.
Flood
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Flooding caused by rivers affected people and their property, in the low lying areas of Somalia, Afar, Gambella , Oromiya and Amhara regional states. Flash floods affect all regions. Some floods, such as those in 1996 and 2006, triggered disasters which claimed the lives of hundreds of people, displaced hundreds of thousands and destroyed physical, natural and economic assets.
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Ethiopia is mountainous with rugged topography and step slopes: the highlands are extensively deforested; rains are some times heavy and torrential; water converges in river basins and causes swelling of rivers. The watersheds of the major rivers are highly degraded with negligible vegetation cover, reducing infiltration in to the ground and increasing runoff.
Seismic activities
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Ethiopia is prone to seismic activity (earthquakes) with the most recent example being in afar region. Though the frequency of occurrence is low, earthquakes can
cause catastrophic situations, destroying property and

causing loss of life, especially along the rift valley.
In the 1996s an earthquake destroyed the entire town of Kara Korie and several near by villages.
Seismic activities contd

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Land slides have also claimed the lives and property of many people, particularly in the southern nations, Nationalities and peoples (SNNPR) and Amhara regions.
In recent years, land slides along the Nile George have displaced many people.
Ethiopian response for disasters

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Prior to the famines of 1973/1974, responses to disasters were largely spontaneous and uncoordinated.
The relief and rehabilitation commission (RRC) now the disaster prevention and preparedness agency (DPPA), was established to coordinate the response.
Ethiopian response for disasters

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Responses were relief oriented until the 1984/85 famine The national policy on disaster prevention and management (NPDPM) was ratified in 1993. The NPDPM describes the link between preparedness and prevention; indicates sectoral integration; spells out how early warning information triggers declaration of a disaster; explains the development of a relief plan; proposes various preparedness measures and specifies their role. Policy was focuse addressing all disasters in Ethiopia, though it is most suited to drought induced disaster.
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1.4. Disaster Management approaches/interventions
Broad range of interventions /approaches undertaken before, during and after a disaster to prevent or minimize loss of life and property, minimize human suffering and hasten recovery.
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Emergency Response
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It includes essential services and activities that are undertaken in the aftermath of a disaster to assist disaster victims. Examples are search and rescue; repair of critical facilities like bridges, power lines; provision of food and non-food relief; emergency health; psychosocial interventions; management of evacuation centre; emergency operations centre.
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Rehabilitation
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covers interventions to restore basic services to facilitate recovery of the affected population. Examples are assistance to victims to repair their dwellings; reestablishment of essential services such as community facilities, and revival of key
economic and social activities.

Reconstruction
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It is a permanent measure to repair or replace damaged dwellings and infrastructure and to set the economy back on course.
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Preparedness
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It involves measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath. Preparedness attempts to limit the impact of a disaster by structuring the response and effecting a quick and orderly reaction to the disaster. Examples of preparedness measures are the formation and capability building of an organization to oversee and implement warning systems, evacuation, rescue and relief; formulation of a disaster implementing plan or a counter disaster plan;
Mitigation
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Measure can be taken to minimize the destructive and disruptive effects of hazards and thus lessen the magnitude of a disaster. Mitigation measures can range from physical measures such as flood defenses or safe building design, to legislation and non-structural measures such as training, organizing disaster volunteers, public awareness, food security programs and advocacy on development issues.
Prevention
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Activities designed to impede the occurrence of a disaster event and/or prevent such an occurrence from having harmful effects on communities and facilities. Usual examples are safety standards for industries, flood control measures and land use regulations. Poverty alleviation and assets redistribution schemes such as land reform, provision of basic needs and services such as preventive health care, education are other non-structural measures.
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Prevention and mitigation interventions are directly linked to development approach activities
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Chapter one: Basics of DRM

1.1. Terminologies Disaster Hazard Vulnerability Risk Capacity

At the end of this session, students will be able to:

A serious disruption of the functioning

of a community or a society involving

The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.

Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE/RELIEF

Disaster Management Cycle

QUESTION What is difference between Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction?

Revive key economic and social activities

Permanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and infrastructure and

to set the economy back on course.

QUESTION What is difference between Mitigation, Preparedness and Prevention?

The complete avoidance of adverse

Measures taken prior to the impact of a

A collective term encompassing all aspects of

planning for preparing and responding to

It refers to the management of the consequences

Disaster Risk Management

implement strategies, policies and improved coping

hazards and the possibility of disaster.

Disaster Risk Management

Stress on proactive disaster management responses of

prevention, mitigation and

Disaster Risk Management

conditions back to normal (also referred to as a

effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover

hazard events or conditions.

The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of

hazards and related disasters.

prevention (i.e. disaster prevention) expresses the

concept and intention to completely avoid potential

Hazard * Vulnerability Disaster Risk = -----------------Capacity

Disaster Risk Management

Disaster Risk Management

Hazard and Vulnerability Studies

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Markos Budusa BDU, DRMSD

Early warning system

and organizations threatened by a hazard to

time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss.

1.2. Disaster and Disaster Risk Management

What was missing is that political and economic

having disastrous impacts for some people and

Disasters, from a vulnerability perspective, are

understood as bound up in the specific histories and

the context of their political and economic systems

Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of

environmental losses which exceed the ability of the

Disaster is the impact of a natural or man

Disaster management refers to the range of activities

emergency situation and to provide a framework for

impact of the disaster.

Disaster Management contd

Responding as efficiently and effectively as possible to

Objectives of Disaster Management

Save Lives Reduce Suffering

Disaster risk management

Disaster management can be defined as the effective

Disaster risk management contd

Disaster Risk management:- The systematic process of