Chapter 9

The Internet and Its Applications

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The Internet
Three aspects of the Internet evolution
Capacity growth Application and traffic growth Internet policy change

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Internet Capacity
ARPANET (1969): The Internet was started by the U.S. Department of Defense as a network of four computers. - 1974, 62 hosts - 1983, 1000 hosts - 1989, decommissioned NSFNET (1986): Built up by National Science Foundation with a 3-tier structure - 1987, 10,000 hosts in the Internet, 1000 in BITNET - 1988, upgraded to T1 (1.544 Mbps). - 1991, upgraded to T3 (45Mbps) - 1995, decommissioned vBNS (1995): 622Mbps in 1995 vBNS+ (now): 2.5 Gbps (or more)
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NSFNET
By 1991, the NSFNET's backbone network service has been upgraded to T3 (45 Mbps) links

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Internet Policy
Originally, commercial traffic was forbidden on the Internet, because the major portions of these networks were funded by the various national governments and research organizations.
In the early 1990s, commercial networks began connecting into these networks, opening it to commercial traffic.
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Todays Internet
Network access point (NAP)
The NAP is defined as a high-speed network or switch to which a number of routers can be connected for the purpose of traffic exchange. NAPs must operate at speeds of at least 100 Mbps and must be able to be upgraded as required by demand and usage. The concept of the NAP is built on the FIX (Federal Internet eXchange) and the CIX (Commercial Internet eXchange), which are built around FDDI rings with attached Internet networks operating at speeds of up to 45 Mbps.

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Abilene vBNS CA*Net 3

Figure 9-11 Gigapops and high speed backbones of Internet 2/Abilene, vBNS, and CA*Net 3 4/12/2013 10:02:03 PM 7

Abilene
Abilene is an advanced backbone network that supports the development and deployment of the new applications being developed within the Internet2 community. Abilene connects regional network aggregation points, called gigaPoPs, to support the work of Internet2 universities as they develop advanced Internet applications. Abilene complements other high-performance research networks.
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Some vBNS Facts (2001)

Speed: 2.5 Gbps (OC-48) Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 0.001% Packet loss and 100% availability both unicast and multicast IPv6 enabled Extends to Europe and Asia
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Internet Hosts Growth

(Recent statistics)
July 1999: January 2000: July 2000: January 2001: 56,218,000 Internet hosts 68,862,283 Internet hosts 86,509,613 Internet hosts 113,873,000 Internet hosts (MIDS)

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Internet Host Growth

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Local ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP

Local ISP National ISP NAP

Regional ISP

National ISP

National ISP National ISP

NAP
National ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP Local ISP Local ISP Regional ISP Regional ISP MAE Regional ISP Regional ISP Local ISP Local ISP Local ISP
Figure 9-1 Basic Internet Architecture

National ISP

Regional ISP Local ISP

Regional ISP

Regional ISP

Local ISP

Local ISP

Local ISP

Local ISP

Local ISP 12

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MAE: Metropolitan area exchanger

Individual Dial-up Customers

ISP Point-of Presence

Modem Pool

ISP POP

ISP POP
Corporate T1 Customer T1 CSU/DSU Layer-2 Switch ATM Switch

Corporate T3 Customer T3 CSU/DSU

ISP POP

Corporate OC-3 Customer

Remote Access Server

ATM Switch

NAP/MAE

Figure 9-2 Inside an ISP Point of Presence 4/12/2013 10:02:03 PM

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ISP A

ISP D

Router ATM Switch

Router

ISP B

ISP E

Router

ATM Switch

ISP C

Route Server

ISP F

Router

ATM Switch

Figure 9-3 Inside the Internets Chicago Network Access Point 4/12/2013 10:02:03 PM

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Customer Premises Individual Premise

DSL Modem Line Splitter Main Distribution Frame Voice Telephone Network

Hub Telephone Individual Premise Wireless Transceiver Individual Premise Computer Computer DSL Access Multiplexer

Wireless Access Office

Customer Premises Customer Premises Wireless Transceiver Router ISP POP

Figure 9-9 Fixed wireless architecture 4/12/2013 10:02:03 PM

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WAP Client

WAP Gateway

Web Site

WAE User Agent

Web Server
WAE Requests

Wireless Transceiver

WAE Requests

Wireless Telephony Application Server

WAE Responses (plus WML, etc.)

WAE Responses (plus WML, etc.)

WAE Requests

WAE Responses (plus WML, etc.) HTTP Requests

WAP Proxy
HTTP Responses (plus HTML, jpeg, etc.)

Figure 9-10 Mobile wireless architecture for WAP applications 4/12/2013 10:02:03 PM

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CA*Net 3 DREN

Abilene

Sprint

UUNet

Verio

WSU

Boeing Router U Idaho Router Montana State U Router U Montana Switch

Router

Router
Microsoft Router HSCC

Switch

High-speed Router

High-speed Router
AT&T Router

SCCD

Switch

Switch

Router
U Alaska Portland POP U Wash OC-48 OC-12 T-3

Sprint

4/12/2013 10:02:03 PM Figure 9-12 Inside the Pacific/Northwest Gigapop

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