Threads and

Fasteners
Fastening – What is it?
• A method of connecting or joining two
or more parts together, using devices or
processes.

• Examples: Bridges, towers, buildings,

transportation, piping, sports, etc.
 Threaded Fasteners
• A mechanical fasteners used to join
together two or more parts.

• Are formed by using a tapping tool for

internal threads, a die for external
threads, or a machine tool for either
internal or external threads.
 Applications
• There are 3 major types of Threaded
Fastener Applications, they are:

– Joining

– Adjusting

– Power Transmission
 Adjusting
• The process of locating or modifying
the position of a part.
• Examples: Drafting Compass – uses a
threaded rod to adjust the radial setting.
• Calipers, micrometers, hand wrenches,
etc.
 Power Transmission
• The process of converting or transmitting
the force exerted in one direction to force
exerted in the same or a different
direction.

• Screw Jacks and certain types of gears use

screw threads to transmit power.

• Good example of this

is a Car lift
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
External (male) A thread cut on the outside of
thread a cylindrical body.

Internal (female) A thread cut on the inside of

thread a cylindrical body.

External thread
Internal thread
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Right-hand Thread that will assemble when
thread turned clockwise.

Left-hand Thread that will assemble when

thread turned counter-clockwise.

Turnbuckle use RH and LH thread at

each end to double displacement.
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Crest The peak edge of a thread.

Root The bottom of the thread cut into

a cylindrical body.
Thread angle The angle between threads faces.

External Thread Internal Thread

Thread angle

Root Crest

Root Crest
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The largest diameter on
Major diameter
an internal or external thread.
The smallest diameter on
Minor diameter
an internal or external thread.

External Thread Internal Thread

Minor dia.

Major dia.

Major dia.
Minor dia.
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Form is the profile shape of the
Thread Form
thread.

Example :
“knuckle thread form”
COMPARISON OF THREAD CUTTING
External Thread Internal Thread

Minor Dia.

Major Dia.
 EXTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Tools Operation
Threading Die

Die stock
 INTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Tools Operation

Tap

Tap wrench
 DEFINITION OF SCREW
THREAD TERMS
Pitch
• The pitch of a thread is
the distance from one
Notice the
point on the thread form to
pitch can be
the corresponding point of
measured
the next thread. Pitch is
from crest-to-
measured parallel to the
crest OR
thread's axis or centerline.
Click to see a sample
appear to the right Pitch

Root-to-Root
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The distance between crests of
Pitch
threads.

Lead The distance a screw will advance

when turned 360o.

External Thread Internal Thread

Pitch
Pitch
 DEFINITION OF SCREW
THREAD TERMS
• The lead (pronounced "leed") is the distance
that a threaded part (such as a nut) would
move or travel in the horizontal direction if the
screw thread was rotated 360 degrees.
• Threads are always assumed to be right
handed threads unless marked with the
initials LH (Left Hand) at the end of the thread
note.
 SINGLE AND MULTIPLE THREADS

• Most screws have single threads. Assume single thread unless otherwise
noted. Multiple threads are used where parts must screw together or apart
quickly. For example, the compass adjustment bar and toothpaste tube caps
have multiple threads. Notice in the picture above that:
– Single Thread - The lead is equal to the pitch.
– Double Thread - The lead is twice the pitch
– Triple Thread - The lead is three times the pitch.
Single and
multiple threads
 A single thread has a
single ridge in the form
of a helix.
 A double thread has two
ridges started 180°
apart.
 A triple thread has three
ridges, started 120°
apart.
The Studio Dog
 THREAD SERIES
• Screws of the same
diameter are made with
different pitches (number
of threads per inch) for
different uses. The various
combinations of diameter
and pitch have been
grouped into screw-thread
series.
• Coarse-thread Series (UNC or NC) In
this series the pitch for each diameter is
relatively large.
• Fine-thread Series (UNF or NF) In this
series, the pitch for each diameter is
smaller (there are more threads per inch)
than in the coarse- thread series.
Example automobiles
• Extra-fine-thread Series (UNEF or
NEF) In this series, the pitch is even
smaller than in the fine-thread series.
Example airplanes and gears
 CLASSES OF FITS
• Screw threads are also
divided into screw thread
classes based on their
tolerances (amount of size
different from exact size) and
allowances (how loosely or
tightly they fit their mating
parts). You can get exactly
the screw thread you need by
choosing both a series and a
class. In brief, the classes for
Unified threads are:
• Class 1 has a large allowance
(loose fit). They are used on
parts that must be put together or
taken apart quickly and easily.
• Class 2 is the thread standards
most used for general purposes,
such as for bolts, screws, nuts,
and similar threaded items.
• Class 3 has stricter standards for
fit and tolerance than the others.
They are used where thread size
must be more exact. Simply, a
tighter fitting thread.
 “A” Or “B”
• The letter “A” following the fit class number (1,2, or
3) denotes external threads only;

• the letter “B” following the fit class number denotes

internal threads only.
READING A THREAD NOTE
Thread Note Definition of Meaning
.750 0.750 diameter (3/4”)
10 10 threads per inch
UNC Unified National
Coarse thread series
2 Class 2 (Normal Fit)
A External Thread
 READING A THREAD NOTE
• You specify (call for) a particular • 1 1/4-7UNC-1A
screw thread by telling its
diameter (nominal or major Means 1 ¼” diameter, 7
diameter), number of threads per
inch, length of thread, initial threads per inch, Unified
letters of the series, and class of National Course threads,
fit. Any thread you specify will be
assumed to be both single and class 1 fit, external threads.
right hand unless you say • 7/8-14UNF-2B
otherwise. If you mean the thread
to be left hand, include the letters Means 7/8” diameter, 14
“LH” after the class symbol. If you
mean it to be double or triple, threads per inch, Unified
include "double" or "triple." Some National Fine threads, class
examples using fractional sizes
follow: 2 fit, internal threads
THREAD REPRESENTATION

1. Detailed representation

2. Schematic representation

3. Simplified representation
DETAILED REPRESENTATION
Use slanting lines to represent crest and root.

Roots and crest are drawn in sharp Vs.

External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

Pitch 60o
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Use alternate long and short lines for representing
crests and roots of the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Root (thick line)

Pitch Crest (thin line)
 BOLT : Terminology

Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.

Thread length

Length
Hexagonal head
Width Head
bolt and nut across flat thickness
Bolt measurements
 BOLT : Drawing steps

Draw an Draw a Draw

end view bolt head body of a bolt
of the head 30o

Draw

Major φ
bolt B/2 B/2
axis

H Length
B
Thread Length

Starting
position
 NUT : Drawing steps

Draw an end view

of the nut B/2 B/2

H
B

Dash lines represent

a threaded hole are
omitted for clarity.
 Schematic thread
representation
• Staggered lines perpendicular to the
axis of the thread represent the thread
root and crests.
• Spacing between root and crest lines is
any convenient size.
• Root lines are any convenient length.
 Drawing detailed
• representation
Step 1 of V threads
• 1. Establish the pitch and half-pitch at
the major diameter.
 2. Measure intervals the size of the pitch
along the major diameter from the first
two marks.
 3. Add crest
lines.
 Drawing detailed
representation
• Step 2
of V threads
• 1. Add the V profile for one thread, top
and bottom, locating the root diameter.
 2. Add construction lines for the root
diameter.
 Drawing detailed
• representation
Step 3 of V threads
• 1. Add one side of the remaining Vs
(thread profile).
 2. Add the other side of the Vs, completing
the thread profile.
Fasteners Quiz
Answers