A Short History of the Computer

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Ancient Computers
Fingers and toes

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Ancient Computers
Stones Clay
At some point in the prehistoric past, the Sumerians moved from pebbles to clay tokens. A stick shape equaled 1 A clay pebble equaled 10 A cone equaled 60. Markings on the clay tokens indicated the object being counted. 3
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History of Computing
Abacus (3000 bc) The abacus is a calculating machine used for centuries

Modern Abacus

Roman Abacus

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Algorithm
In the 12th century, a Tashkent cleric named Muhammad ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi, wrote about the concept of a written process to be followed in order to achieve a goal.

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Algorithm
A recipe is an algorithm 1. In a skillet over medium heat, stir 1/4 cup of sugar together with the pecans. Continue stirring gently until sugar has melted and caramelized the pecans. Carefully transfer nuts onto waxed paper. Allow to cool, and break into pieces. 2. For the dressing, blend oil, vinegar, 1 1/2 teaspoons sugar, mustard, chopped garlic, salt, and pepper. 3. In a large serving bowl, layer lettuce, pears, blue cheese, avocado, and green onions. Pour dressing over salad, sprinkle with pecans, and serve. Prof. Brahnam 6

History of Computing
Pascal invented an adding machine in 1673 (for taxes!)

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Jacquards Loom
In 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an automatic loom using punched cards for the control of the patterns in the fabrics Riots ensued!

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Babbage and Byron

In 1822, Charles A Difference Babbage Engine was designed the finally built in Difference 1991: Engine, powered by steam and using gears. A decade later, Babbage and Augusta Ada Prof. Brahnam 9 Byron worked

Charles Babbage

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Ada Byron

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 The 1880 census took 7 years to tabulate In 1890, the census was tabulated in 2 years due to Holleriths invention of a machine with
Punched cards encoding census data A card puncher, reader,and sorter

Herman Hollerith

Hollerith founded the predecessor company to IBM

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Vannevar Bush
Vannevar Bush at MIT built a largescale differential analyzer in the 1920s The machine had the capabilities of integration and differentiation.

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Definition Computer previous to the 1940 referred to an occupation.

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Definition
Computer previous to the 1940 referred to an occupation. The first group of workers replaced by the computer were computers.

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The First Computer?

In the 1930s, John Vincent Atanasoff developed a machine for the solution of sets of linear equations in Physics. It had an electronic arithmetic unit and a regenerative, cyclic memory. The Patent Office eventually awarded the patent for the first computer to Atanasoff, Prof. Brahnam 16

Atanasoffs Computer

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Alan Turing
In the 1930s, Alan Turing developed the idea of a "Universal Machine" capable of executing any describable algorithm. Turing introduced the concept of "symbol processing, moving beyond arithmetic Prof. Brahnam 18

First Generation Computers

1940s-1950s Based on vacuum tubes Used only machine language Required experts to program

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Evolution of Computer Systems

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Evolution of Computer Systems

1. First Generation computers are characterized by the following:
Operating instructions were made to order Each computer had a different machine language Machine language consisted of turning on and off switches 21
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Evolution of Computer Systems

1. First Generation
1941 Z3 Konrad Zuse 1943 Colossus 1944 Mark I Howard H. Aiken 1945 EDVAC John Von Neumann 1946 ENIAC John W. Mauchly 1951 UNIVAC 1954 IBM 650 22
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Z1-Z3
Z1 was world's first program-controlled computer. Used binary system and today's standard separation of storage and control. Plankalkuel, world's first higher-level programming language. 1946: Zuse founds world's first computer startup company: the ZuseIngenieurbro 23

KONRAD ZUSE

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Colossus
Designed to break the most cryptic German codes of World War II Housed at The Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park Virtually all information about Colossus was burned in the mid 1960s
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Mark I
IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) -- also known as the Harvard Mark I 51 feet. Height: eight feet. Weight: nearly five tons. 1930s by Howard H. 25 Aiken

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ENIAC 1946
Developed to calculate trajectories in WWII (too late) Built across the street at Penn. First machine using the Stored Program Concept Programmed by rewiring 26
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Evolution of Computer Systems

The EDVAC John Von Neuman Machines:
CPU and Data and program stored in the same memory (stored memory concept) 27
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UNIVAC 1951
The developers of ENIAC left Penn. (in a patent dispute) to build a computer for the U.S. Census Bureau In 1951, after a financial buyout, the computer was delivered In 1952, UNIVAC predicted the winner of the U.S. presidential election, but the television Prof. Brahnam 28

Evolution of Computer Systems

2. Second Generation
1947 William Shockley's invention of the transistor Stretch by IBM and LARC by SperryRand

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1947 - The Transistor

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Second Generation Computers

1960s More widespread business computing LARC, Stretch, IBM 1401

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IBM 1401
Model T of the computer industry

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Evolution of Computer Systems

2. Second Generation computers are characterized by the following:
Stored Memory Concept Development of higher level languages New computer careers

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Evolution of Computer Systems

Stored Memory Concept
Instructions to run a computer for a specific function (known as a program) were held inside the computers memory, and could quickly be replaced by a different set of instructions for a different function.

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Admiral Grace Hopper

Worked on UNIVAC Invented the compiler Developed the idea of reusable software Led development of the first highlevel programming language: COBOL Named computer problems bugs and called fixing them debugging 35

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Evolution of Computer Systems

Picture of the first computer bug

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Evolution of Computer Systems

3. Third Generation 1960 1970
1958 Integrated circuit (IC) Jack Kilby 1964 IBM System/360

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3. Third Generation computers are characterized by the following:

The notion of upward compatibility Operating systems

Evolution of Computer Systems

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Time Sharing
Fernando Corbat, MIT, produced CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System) for IBM in 1961 Batch processing versus time sharing

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Evolution of Computer Systems

More Sophisticated high level languages were developed and this generation gave rise to new careers: programmer, analyst, and computer systems expert, etc.

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Networks
In the early 1970s, Robert Metcalfe worked on
Wide area networks (WANS) ARPAnet Internet Internet protocols (TCP/IP) Local area networks (LANS)
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J.C.R. Licklider

Greatly influenced by Vannevar Bush Developed the idea of a universal network, inspired his successors to realize his dream by creation of the ARPANET. Developed the concepts that led to Prof. Brahnam 42 the idea of the Netizen.

Personal Computers
In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak produced the Apple II
Assembled and ready to go Complete with keyboard and monitor

In 1981, the IBM PC is introduced

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Douglas Engelbart
In 1959 Douglas Engelbart launched the SRI Augmentation mixed text-graphic files Research Center
44 structured document files hypertext system idea processing outline processor video conferencing mouse two-dimensional editing concept of windows uniform command syntax
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Evolution of Computer Systems

4. Fourth Generation
Large scale integration (LSI) Very large scale integration (VLSI) Ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) 1981 IBM's personal computer 1984 Apple's Macintosh line

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Evolution of Computer Systems

4. Fourth Generation Computers are characterized by the following:
All components of a computer (CPU, register memory, input/output controls) are located on one chip One microprocessor can be programmed to meet any number of demands Microchips moved into ordinary devices (TVs, ovens, etc.) Ordinary people could own a Prof. Brahnam

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Evolution of Computer Systems

4. Fourth Generation Computers are characterized by the following:
Computers became widespread in in the workplace Development of Networking The Internet

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Computers for Real People

1978 1979 1981 BASIC VisiCalc Alto

Xerox PARC project Graphical user interface Mouse

1984 - Macintosh
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Fifth Generation
AI? Distributed and ubiquitous computing? Wearable computing?

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Evolution of Computer Systems

5. Fifth Generation
Life-like computer systems Parallel computing Super conductor Figure from Rickel, J., & Johnson, W. L. technology (1998). STEVE: A Pedagogical Agent for Quantum Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the Second computing (QC) International Conference on Autonomous DNA computing Agents & Prof. Brahnam nanotechnology

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Recap 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Recap 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Recap 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 19641979

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Recap 1. 2. 3. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 19641979 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT
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SUPERCOMPUTER
TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND

HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE
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MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

MAINFRAME

LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER GIGABYTES OF RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS *
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MINICOMPUTER
MIDDLE-RANGE GIGABYTES OF RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME *
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MICROCOMPUTER
DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 3 GIGABYTES OF RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED Prof. Brahnam
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LAPTOPS & SMALLER

LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Sub-miniature, wireless computer. Growing in sophistication and connectivity
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The Tinker Toy Computer

A computer made of Tinker Toys and fishing line testifies to the idea that almost any kinds of parts can be assembled to perform logical or mathematical calculations. The Tinker Toy computer played tic tac toe. It was built in the 1980s by Danny Hillis, 60 then at MIT and

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A Short History of the Computer

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