McGraw-Hill

1 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

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Modulation

McGraw-Hill

9 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

What is Modulation

Modulation In the modulation process, some characteristic of a high-frequency carrier signal (bandpass), is changed according to the instantaneous amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.

AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source

Channel

Sink

Modulator

Demodulator

Baseband Signal with frequency fm (Modulating Signal)

Bandpass Signal with frequency fc (Modulated Signal)

Original Signal with frequency fm

fc >> fm Voice: 300-3400Hz GSM Cell phone: 900/1800MHz

Need Of Modulation
1) Size of the antenna : For efficient transmission the transmitting antennas should have length at least equal to a quarter of the wavelength of the signal to be transmitted. For an electromagnetic wave of frequency 15 kHz, the wavelength is 20 km and one-quarter of this will be equal to 5 km. Obviously, a vertical antenna of this size is impractible. On the other hand, for a frequency of 1 MHz, this height is reduced to 75m.

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Multiplexing

:Audio frequencies are within the range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Without modulation all signals at same frequencies from different transmitters would be mixed up. There by giving impossible situation to tune to any one of them. In order to separate the various signals, radio stations must broadcast at different frequencies.
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Figure 5.15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation

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Amplitude Modulation

A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude value The modulating signal is the envelope of the carrier The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the bandwidth of the modulating signal Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the spectrum is identical, we can discard one half, thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for transmission.

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Figure 5.16 Amplitude modulation

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Note

The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM = 2B.

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Figure 5.17 AM band allocation

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Frequency Modulation

The modulating signal changes the freq. fc of the carrier signal The bandwidth for FM is high It is approx. 10x the signal frequency

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Note

The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )B. Where is usually 4.

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Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation

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Figure 5.19 FM band allocation

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