Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

Soft Handoff
Soft handoff for MC 1X and DS works as in IS-95-B Soft handoff for MC 3X is a straightforward extension of that in MC 1X
Ec/I0 used is the sum of the Ec/I0 on all three carriers

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

Inter-Frequency Hard Handoff

Inter-Frequency Hard Handoff (HHO) required in following situations
Handoff between operators in different bands Handoff between different CDMA RF carriers for congestion control Handoff from a (private) micro-cell to a macro-cell Handoff between different radio technologies (CDMA to AMPS, GSM, , OHG DS)

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

Messages for HHO

CFSRQM (Candidate Frequency Search Request Message) BS informs MS about
Candidate Freq. Neighbor List (CFNL) Candidate Freq Search Set (CFSS), a subset of CFNL Freq. band and channel number Search Period (for Periodic Search) Thresholds (MS Rx power and total pilot Ec/I0, etc.) Can specify a search for AMPS (other formats can be added) -MS support is optional Optionally, can synchronize timing between MS and BS

Can also start search CFSRSM (Candidate Frequency Search Response Message) MS replies to CFSRQM
Dead time to search entire CFSS (fwd and rev) Dead time per visit to candidate frequency (fwd and rev)
Dead time can be specified in frames or in 1.25 ms slots 3

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

Messages for HHO (cont.)

CFSCNM (Candidate Frequency Search Control Message) To start and stop searches (periodic or single) GHDM (General Handoff Direction Msg) Contains flags to specify
Use of this procedure upon HHO failure

CFRSPM (Candidate Frequency Search Report Message): MS reports to BS on the serving freq
MS rx power on candidate freq. Pilots above T_ADD Sent in periodic search only if total Ec/I0 of Candidate Freq. Search Set is above threshold All pilot measurements have to be made within 0.8 sec. of the report

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

Inter-Frequency Hard Handoff

CRSRQM CRSCNM (Search Parameters) (Search Order) CFSRSM (Acceptance) CFSRPM (Report) GHDM (HHO)

F2 (candidate)

F1 (serving)

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

Candidate Frequency Search

1. On Traffic Ch. on F1 , w /o Search Set

CFSReqM, CF=F2 , Search Set = {P 1 ,...,P n}, Start Periodic

CFSReqM, CF=F2 , Search Set = {P 1 ,...,P n} Sends CFSRspM

Searches & reports F2

CFSCM, F2 , periodic off EHDM to F3 , periodic off

Sends CFSRspM EHDM to F2 , periodic on/off

2. On F1 , Search Set on F2 , no periodic search

5. On F3 , Search Set on F2 , no periodic search EHDM, to F3 , periodic off

CFSCM, F2 , periodic on 4. On F2 , Search Set on F2 , no periodic search EHDM to F2 , periodic on/off 3. Periodically searches for Search Set on F2 from F1 CFSCM, F2 , periodic off

EHDM, to F3 , periodic on 6. Periodically searches for Search Set on F2 from F3

EHDM to F3 , periodic on

Reports on F2 Total Ec/Io of pilots in SS abov e CF_T_Add exceeds Threshold from CFNLM
Notes: -CF: Candidate Freq. -SS: Search Set -CFSReqM: CF Search Request Msg -CFSRspM: CF Search Response Msg -SS update by CFSRegM not shown -Hard handoff failure not shown -Not all EHDM shown -Handoff Completion Msg omitted

HHO Fig. 1 IS-95B Inter-freq. Hard Handoff Mobile Example (All handoffs successful)

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

Inter-freq. Handoff Failure Recovery

1. On Traffic Ch. on F1 w/o Search Set , Reports on SS + intended Active Set on F2 EHDM to F2 , periodic off, HHO fails

CFSReqM, CF=F2 , Search Set = {P 1 ,...,P n}, start periodic Sends CFSRspM

CFSReqM, CF=F2 , Search Set = {P 1 ,...,P n} Send s CFSRspM

2. On F 1 , Search Set on F 2 , no periodic search EHDM to F2 , periodic on, HHO fails Reports on SS + intended Active Set on F2 Reports on SS + intended Active Set on F2 EHDM to F2 , periodic off, HHO fails

CFSCM, F 2 , periodic on

CFSCM, F2 , periodic off

3. Periodically searches for Search Set on F 2 from F1

EHDM to F2 , periodic on, HHO fails

Reports on SS + intended Active Set on F2

Notes: -CF: Candidate Freq. -SS: Search Set -CFSReqM: CF Search Request Msg -CFSRspM: CF Search Response Msg -SS update by CFSReqM not shown -Not all EHDM shown

HHO Fig. 2 IS-95-B Inter-freq. Hard Handoff Example (All hard handoffs fail)

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

cdma2000 Inter-Frequency HHO Improvements

To minimize interruptions during search excursions:
MS can store pilot samples while on target frequency and process them offline (when returning to originating frequency) Forward link target Eb/Nt theshold is increased before search excursion; Viterbi decoder uses additional symbol energy to decode frame successfully Reverse link traffic to pilot ratio for code channel increased

If synthesizer can be tuned fast enough, no frames are lost

No complex BS-MS coordination required for search As RF phone technology improves, performance increases

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

cdma2000 Forward Link HHO Searching

Method can be used when excursion is less than 10 ms

Frame Boundary

Forward Link Transmitted Power

N PCG

tsearch

regular pow er control

MS sends up commands to ramp up pow er before search

PC is random
MS returns from search

MS increases target Eb/No by

target

MS tunes to another frequency

MS decreases target Eb/No by

target

Frame Boundary
regular pow er control resumes

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

IF HHO Performance Example on RL

9600, 5ms, Pilot Ec/Io = 3ms
1

0.1

0.01 120kph

FER

30kph 5kph awgn 0.001

0.0001

0.00001 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 Traffic/Pilot Ratio in dB

10

Section 3:cdma2000 Handoff

IF HHO Performance Example on RL

9600, 5ms, Pilot Ec/Io = -23.75dB
1

0.1

0.01

120kph

FER

0.001

30kph 5kph awgn

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Traffic/Pilot Ratio in dB 5.5 6 6.5 7

11