Heat Transfer

Aims:
recall that energy transfer may take place by conduction, convection and radiation. describe the role of convection in everyday phenomena. describe how insulation is used to reduce energy transfers from buildings and the human body.

Heat is a type of energy called thermal energy. Heat can be transferred (moved) by three main processes:

1. conduction 2. convection 3. Radiation

During heat transfer, thermal energy always moves in the same direction:

COLD

HOT

Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference from a warmer ______ area to a cooler ______ area.
2

How are the particles arranged in a solid, a liquid and a gas?

solid

liquid

gas

Particles that are very close together can transfer heat energy as they vibrate. This type of heat transfer is called conduction. Conduction is the method of heat transfer in solids but not liquids and gases. Why?

What type of solids are the best conductors?

Conduction

The heat energy conducts along the handle to your hand

Conduction is the method of heat transfer in solids. If you touch the handle of a metal saucepan that has been heated, the heat from the saucepan will conduct along the metal handle into your hand.
4

Graphite is a non-metal that is a good conductor of heat. If you heat one end of a graphite rod, the heat travels to the other end.

As the rod is heated, the atoms vibrate. These vibrations make the adjacent/neighboured atoms vibrate, and so on. This is how the heat energy travels along the rod.
5

The outer electrons of metal atoms are not attached to any particular atom. They are free to move between the atoms.
When a metal is heated, the free electrons gain kinetic energy. This means that the free electrons move faster and transfer the energy throughout the metal.

heat

This makes heat transfer in metals very efficient.

Insulators do not have these free electrons, which is why they do not conduct heat as well as metals.
6

Heat Transfer by Conduction

W/m2

W/m.K

Thermal Conductivity of solids

Thermal Conductivity of liquids

Thermal conductivity of gases

10

Example
Calculate the heat flux within a copper rod that heated in one of its ends to a temperature of 100 oC while the other end is kept at 25 oC. The rode length is 10 m and diameter is 1 cm.

11

Example
An industrial freezer is designed to operate with an internal air temperature of -20 oC when external air temperature is 25 oC. The walls of the freezer are composite construction, comprising of an inner layer of plastic with thickness of 3 mm and has a thermal conductivity of 1 W/m.K. The outer layer of the freezer is stainless steel with 1 mm thickness and has a thermal conductivity of 16 W/m.K. An insulation layer is placed between the inner and outer layer with a thermal conductivity of 15 W/m.K. what will be the thickness of this insulation material that allows a heat transfer of 15 W/m2 to pass through the three layers, assuming the area normal to heat flow is 1 m2?

12

Convection

13

Liquids and gases can behave in similar ways and so are called fluids. What happens to the particles in a fluid when it is heated?

heat

less dense fluid

The heated fluid particles gain energy, so they move about more and spread out. The same number of particles now take up more space so the fluid has become less dense.
14

Cooler regions of a fluid are more dense than warmer regions of the same fluid. The cooler regions will sink as they have the greatest mass per unit volume. The warmer regions will rise as they have a lower density. In effect, they float on top of the denser, cooler regions.

This is how heat transfer takes place in fluids and is called convection.

15

Convection current
hot water cools hot water rises cool water sinks cool water warms This is called a convection current.

16

17

Convection currents
The air reaching land is heated, the air becomes hotter, the air particles move faster, the air expands, becomes less dense and rises. The air then cools, its particles move slower, it contracts, becomes more dense and falls.
18

Heat Transfer by Convection

19

Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers

Re < 2100 Re > 2100 Laminar flow Turbulent flow

Values of Prandtl number for different liquids and gases

20

Flow over a Flat Plate

Re < 5000 Re > 5000

Laminar flow Turbulent flow

21

Radiation

22

Earth is warmed by heat energy from the Sun. How does this heat energy travel from the Sun to the Earth?

infrared radiation
There are no particles between the Sun and the Earth so the heat cannot travel by conduction or by convection. The heat travels to Earth by infrared waves. They are similar to light waves and are able to travel through empty space.

23

Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves. These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves, but with a longer wavelength.

This means that infrared waves act like light waves: They can travel through a vacuum. They travel at the same speed as light 300,000,000 m/s. They can be reflected and absorbed. Infrared waves heat objects that absorb them and so can be called thermal radiation.
24

Heat Transfer by Radiation

q = (Th4 - Tc4) Ac
Th = hot body absolute temperature (K) Tc = cold surroundings absolute temperature (K) Ac = area of the object (m2)

= 5.6703 10-8 (W/m2K4)

The Stefan-Boltzmann Constant

25

Emissivity coefficient for several selected material

Surface Material Emissivity Coefficient --

Aluminum Commercial sheet

Aluminum Foil Aluminum Commercial Sheet Brass Dull Plate Brass Rolled Plate Natural Surface Cadmium Carbon, not oxidized Carbon filament Concrete, rough Granite Iron polished Porcelain glazed Quartz glass Water Zink Tarnished
26

0.09
0.04 0.09 0.22 0.06 0.02 0.81 0.77 0.94 0.45 0.14 - 0.38 0.93 0.93 0.95 - 0.963 0.25

Typical value for overall heat transfer coefficient

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Hot Fluid Cold Fluid U [W/m2C]

Heat Exchangers

Water Organic solvents Light oils Heavy oils Reduced crude Regenerated DEA Gases (p = atm) Gases (p = 200 bar)

Water Organic Solvents Light oils Heavy oils Flashed crude Foul DEA Gases (p = atm) Gases (p = 200 bar) Water Water Water Water Water

800 - 1500 100 - 300 100 - 400 50 - 300 35 - 150 450 - 650 5 - 35 100 - 300 250 - 750 350 - 700 60 - 300 75 - 200 150 - 400

Coolers

Organic solvents Light oils Heavy oils Reduced crude Gases (p = 200 bar)

Organic solvents
Water Gases 27

Brine
Brine Brine

150 - 500
600 - 1200 15 - 250