Introduction to International Relations I (Lecture 7: Liberalism)

By Dr. Arry Bainus, M.A. Wawan Budi Darmawan, M.Si.

Department of International Relations Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University Jatinangor 2013

Introduction
The liberal tradition in political thought goes back at least as far as the thinking of John Locke in the late seventeenth century. From then on, liberal ideas have profoundly shaped how we think about the relationship between government and citizens. Liberalism is both a theory of government within states and good governance between states and peoples worldwide. Unlike realism, which regards the international as an anarchic realm, liberals seek to project values of order, liberty, justice and toleration into international relations. The high-water mark of liberal thinking in international relations was reached in the inter-war period (19191939), in the work of idealists who believed that warfare

Introduction
Domestic and international institutions are required to protect and nurture these values. But note that these values and institutions allow for significant variations which accounts for the fact that there are heated debates within liberalism. Liberals disagree on fundamental issues such as the causes of war and what kind of institutions are required to deliver liberal values in a decentralized multicultural international system. An important cleavage within liberalism, which has become more pronounced in our globalized world, is between those operating with a positive conception of liberalism who advocate interventionist foreign policies and stronger international institutions, as against those

 Individualism a belief in the supreme importance of the human individual as opposed to any social group or collective body; Freedom, liberty a belief in the individual and the desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or chooses; Reason the world has a rational structure, and that this can be uncovered through the exercise of human reason and by critical enquiry moving forward (progress); the belief that history is characterized by human

The Elements of Liberalism

The Elements of Liberalism

Equality the belief that individuals are born equal, at least in terms of moral worth rule by the talented (meritocracy); the principle that rewards and positions should be distributed on the basis of ability; Toleration pluralism, in the form of moral, cultural and political diversity, is positively healthy; it promotes debate and intellectual progress by ensuring that all beliefs are tested in a free market of ideas a balance or natural harmony between rival views and interests; Consent authority arises from below and always grounded in legitimacy

Basic Liberal Assumption

Human progress Cooperation Human reason

The process of modernization: development of the

Classical Liberalism
FOCUS Freedom, cooperation peace, progress

EARLY THINKERS Locke (1632-1704) Bentham (1748-1832) Kant (1724-1804) Constitutional state International law and Progress and and toleration reciprocity perpetual peace

Core Ideas in Liberal Thinking on International Relations

Early liberal thought on international relations took the view that the natural order had been corrupted by undemocratic state leaders and outdated policies such as the balance of power. Prescriptively, Enlightenment liberals believed that a latent cosmopolitan morality could be achieved through the exercise of reason and through the creation of constitutional states. In addition, unfettered movement of people and goods could further facilitate more peaceful

Core Ideas in Liberal Thinking on International Relations

Although there are important continuities between Enlightenment liberal thought and twentieth century ideas, such as the belief in the power of world public opinion to tame the interests of states, liberal idealism was more programmatic. For idealists, the freedom of states is part of the problem of international relations and not part of the solution. Two requirements follow from their diagnosis. The first is the need for explicitly normative thinking: how to promote peace and build a better world. Second, states must be part of an international organization, and be bound by its rules and norms.

Core Ideas in Liberal Thinking on International Relations

Liberalism or Idealism covers a fairly broad perspective ranging from Wilsonian Idealism through to contemporary neo-liberal theories and the democratic peace thesis. States are but one actor in world politics, and even states can cooperate through institutional mechanisms and bargaining that undermine the propensity to define survival interests simply in military terms. Central to idealism was the formation of an international organization to facilitate peaceful change, disarmament, arbitration, and (where

Core Ideas in Liberal Thinking on International Relations

The League of Nations was founded in 1920 but its collective security system failed to prevent the descent into world war in the 1930s. The victor states in the wartime alliance against Nazi Germany pushed for a new international institution to be created: the United Nations Charter was signed in June 1945 by fifty states in San Francisco. It represented a departure from the League in two important respects. Membership was near universal, and the great powers were able to prevent any enforcement action from taking place

Core Ideas in Liberal Thinking on International Relations

In the post-1945 period, liberals turned to international institutions to carry out a number of functions the state could not perform. This was the catalyst for integration theory in Europe and pluralism in the United States. By the early 1970s, pluralism had mounted a significant challenge to realism. It focused on new actors (transnational corporations, nongovernmental organizations) and new patterns of interaction (interdependence, integration). States are interdependent and other actors such as Transnational Corporations, INGOs, IGOs, and the

Core Ideas in Liberal Thinking on International Relations

Neoliberalism represents a more sophisticated theoretical challenge to contemporary realism. They explain the durability of institutions despite significant changes in context. According to neoliberals, institutions exert a causal force on international relations, shaping state preferences and locking them in to cooperative arrangements. Democratic peace liberalism and neoliberalism are the dominant strands in liberal thinking today.

Key Concepts of Liberalism in International Relations

Collective security Conditionality Cosmopolitan model of democracy Democratic peace Democracy promotion Enlightnement science and knowledge, reason, secularism, freedom Idealism domestic analogy
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Key Concepts of Liberalism in International Relations

Integration Interdependence Liberalism Liberal Institutionalism Liberal Internationalism Normative as ought to be Pluralism World Government

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Key Concepts and Prominents

Key intellectual progenitors: Locke, Rousseau, Kant Variants Idealism/Liberal Internationalism: A political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual. It favours civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority. Corporations, the IMF and the United Nations play a role. (Source: http://www.irtheory.com/know.htm) Neoliberalism Complex Interdependence

Cause of War
Images of Liberalism
First image: (Human nature)

Public figure/ period

Richard Cobden (mid-19th c.)

Cause of conflict Determinants of Peace

Intervention by government domestically and internationally disturbing natural order Individual liberty, free trade, prosperity, interdependence

Second image: (The state)

Woodrow Undemocratic nature Wilson (early of international 20th c.) politics; especially foreign policy and balance of power J.A. Hobson (early 20th The balance of power system

National self determination; open government responsive to public opinion; collective security A world government, with power to

Third image: (The

 Timothy Dunne identified three patterns of thought as principal constituents of Liberalism: 1. Liberal Internationalism Perpetual Peace 2. Idealism Domestic Analogy 3. Liberal Institutionalism Integration theory The Variant of Neo-Liberalism: 1. Neo-Liberal internationalism Democratic Peace 2. Neo-Idealism Cosmopolitan Model of

Varieties of Liberalism

Varieties of Liberalism
Varieties
Liberal Internationalis m Idealism

Classic
Immanuel Kant Jeremy Bentham J.A. Hobson Woodrow Wilson

Modern/Neo
Michael Doyle Francis Fukuyama Richard Falk David Held and Danielle Archibugi

Liberal Institutionalis m

David Mitrany Robert O. Richard Cobden Keohane Ernst B. Haas

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Four Main Strands of Liberal Thinking

Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen divide postwar liberalism into four main strands of thinking: Sociological Liberalism; Interdependence Liberalism; Institutional Liberalism; Republican Liberalism International Liberalism;

Liberal Internationalism
Reactions to the barbarity of international relations. Immanuel Kant: International relations described as lawless state of savagery , while domestic politics was at the cusp of a new age of rights, citizenship and constitutionalism For Kant the imperative to achieve perpetual peace required: 1. The Civil Constitution of Every State shall be Republican 2. The Right of Nations shall be based on a Federation of Free States 3. Cosmopolitan Right shall be limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality 21

The Prominent of Liberal Internationalism

Immanuel Kant

Jeremy Bentham

Richard Cobden

Liberal Internationalism
Jeremy Bentham defended that a federation of states was able to prevent wars between its members, putting an end to the pattern of recurring to war as a way of settling disputes. Between the interests of nations there is nowhere any real conflict. Richard Cobden believed that the progress of freedom depends more upon the maintenance of peace, the spread of commerce, and the diffusion of education,
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Liberal Internationalism
Liberal internationalism presumed that states would be submited to a system of legal rights and duties, but without the need of any world government. There is a natural order underpinning human society, a natural harmony of interests in international relations. Natural order has been corrupted by undemocratic state leaders and outdated policies such as the balance of power. The contact between the peoples of the world, through commerce or travel, will facilitate a

Liberal Internationalism
The goal of liberal internationalism is to achieve global structures within the international system that are inclined towards promoting a liberal world order. To that extent, global free trade, liberal economics and liberal democratic political systems are all encouraged. In addition, liberal internationalists are dedicated towards encouraging democracy to emerge globally. Once realized, it will result in a 'peace dividend', as liberal states have relations that are characterized by non-violence, and that relations between democracies is characterized by the

Idealism
Background -- Some would say that realism emerged as a theory in response to idealism. Others say idealism is a response to realist tenets through history. Like realism, the roots of idealism can be traced back for centuries in various forms. The freedom of states is part of the problem of international relations and not part of the solution. States must be part of an international organization, and be bound by its rules and norms the formation of an international organization to facilitate peaceful change, disarmament,

Idealism
Contrary to liberal internationalists, idealists do not defend a natural harmony between states. Idealism assert that the international order should be constructed and managed by an international organization. Liberal internationalist assumption that interdependence was associated with peace was contradicted by World War I. Idealists believed that peace is not a natural condition but needs to be constructed. Balance of power and secret diplomacy was not a guarantee of international security. Analogy between international order and domestic 27

Idealism
The League of Nations was created to provide a firm basis for international law and collective security, a forum where differences could be resolved peacefully. The failure of the League of Nations and the World War II would bury idealist expectations of international peace. However, after World War II some of the liberal ideas were implemented, such as the self-determination principle or the respect for human rights.
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Idealism
John A. Hobson opposed the naturalist vision of Adam Smith - a believer in the fact that the pursuit of individual interests led to inadvertedly to the promotion of public good and defended that capitalism and imperialism caused conflicts in international politics. Hobson argued that imperialism was becoming the primary cause of conflict international politics resulted from underconsumption within developed capitalist societies. Leonard Woolf argued that peace and prosperity required consciously devised

Prominent of Idealism

John A. Hobson

Woodrow Wilson (The Fourteenth Speech)

Leonard Woolf

Alfred Zimmern

Norman Angell (The Great Illusion)

Woodrow Wilson
President of the USA. The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the

Woodrow Wilson
According to Woodrow Wilson ( fourteen points speeches), peace could only be secured with the creation of an international institution ( League of Nations) to regulate the international anarchy collective security Wilson s fourteen points and the creation of the League of Nations materialized the idealist approach on

Forms of Idealism
Pacifists Globalists
Humanitarian Marxists Classical Liberals

War is Bad Morality Necessary People are Good Public Opinion Democracy

War Bad Harmony of Interests Universal Ethics People are Good Public Opinion

War bad overall Harmony of Interests Universal Ethics People are Good Communism

These are all Branches of Idealist Thought, although there are contradictions between them regarding some principles but also policy prescriptions But all are optimists!!!

War irrational Harmony of Interests Universal Ethics Some Greed is Good Public Opinion Democracy Capitalism

Forms of Idealism
A pacifist is someone that does not believe in violence as a way to settle disputes, or for any other reason for that matter. A globalist is someone that prefers to think of one human race instead of many nations. There is only one nation to a true globalist. Many globalists believe that someday nation-states will disappear. A liberal is someone that believes that

Idealism vs. Realism

Idealism disagrees with realism, particularly that the pursuit of power and war is amoral. Idealism is more normative than realism. Realism attempts to explain how the world is while idealism emphasizes what it could be. idealism offers a normative prescription for the conduct of politics. Many idealists blamed realpolitik for WWI. In other words, when people think like realists conflict is more likely. Realism is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Idealists would say that not enough was done to

Main Tenets of Idealism

1. Universal Ethics -- All humans should abide by common standards such as natural laws. There is a universal ethic common to all people. There is no special aspect of culture that makes morality different from country to country. This is an excuse on the part of dictators in the opinion of idealists. In other words, idealists claim cultural relativists are hypocrites. 2. Peace is better than war -- War is seen as

Main Tenets of Idealism

3. War is irrational Breakdown of rationality according to idealists, whereas realists say it becomes rational because of anarchy. While realists believe real conflicts arise over real disagreements, idealists tend to believe that such conflicts could be avoided if states sought to better understand each other. Thus, there is much misperception and manipulation of people in international relations that needs to be reduced,

Main Tenets of Idealism

4.Harmony of interests -- Idealists believe it is possible for humans to live together in harmony if the proper measures are taken. The human race could live together in peace if only we would come to believe that war and violence are not the answer. (globalist and humanists). Conflict is not intrinsic of human existence as realists claim; war and violence are learned behaviors, not intrinsic. (constructivists). The pursuit of individual interests is at the same time the pursuit of the communal interest. In international relations, the key interest is an

Main Tenets of Idealism

Liberals believe the full implementation of democracy and capitalism could provide a harmony interests: wealth and the good life. Laissez Faire Economics serves as model. Global Society simply needs to create the proper context in which these interest can be realized (not unlike the way capitalism creates the conditions supportive of market relations) War disrupts economics; wars are

Main Tenets of Idealism

5. People are good: Idealists are more optimistic about human nature. In the proper setting, man would enjoy peace and be free from conflict. 6. The Power of Public Opinion: People that are active can take charge of politics. Political leaders can manipulate common people to fight in war, but an active, democrat movement of common people can reverse this manipulation. Again, war is irrational and avoidable, and most individuals would not participate in

International Law and Organizations Idealists put a lot of faith in international

law and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the United Nations and International Court of Justice to solve problems on the international level. Given that institutions do not have the power to compel actors to follow the rules, they rely on non-coercive instruments. Prominent figures in this tradition include Hugo Grotius and Woodrow Wilson.

International Organizations
IOs play a crucial role in assuring that states uphold the agreements they sign up to. The Function of International Organizations (IOs): 1) They provide a flow of reliable information as to whether an agreement is being complied with 2) IOs have dispute-resolution capacity 3) They structure bargaining according to an agreed set of rules, norms and decisionmaking procedures 4) IOs can avoid the problem of encouraging

Basic Core of Idealism

Power is not the only thing that matters States have common interests and common values Trade is the key common interest Global Marketplace Interdependence International system is based laws

Idealism was the Primary Cause of WW II

IDEALIST THEIR THINKER(S) IDEALISTIC POLICY THE GOAL OF THEIR POLICY/IDEA HOW IT LED TO WWII

Neville Chamberlain

Appeasement

To prevent war through negotiation

Enabled/encouraged Hitler to build up his military and continue to occupy land

They did not enforce it which gave dictators the idea that they could continue to expand without facing consequences

Woodrow Wilson

The League of Nations

To promote peace through international cooperation (e.g. collective security)

David Lloyd George & Woodrow Wilson

The Treaty of Versailles

To limit Germanys power to rebuild, however, not fully as cooperation is important in peace

Allowed Germany to rebuild and become a world superpower, as it wasnt limiting enough on Germany

Idealism: Appeasement
Assumptions of idealism related to appeasement: War can be prevented and international cooperation will promote peace. Definition: the policy of acceding to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in the hope of maintaining peace and preventing war.

Utopianism (called by E.H. Carr)

Believed the stabilizing force of international relations rested on transnational organizations (League of Nations) and international law Believed these organizations and law were grounded on moral concepts When properly established, global order would achieve a harmony of

Critique of Utopianism
The state has no right to let its moral disapprobation get in the way of successful political action, itself inspired by the moral principle of national survival.

Hans Morgenthau

 Institutional Liberalism: international institutional can make cooperation easier and far more likely, but they do not claim that such institutions can by themselves guarantee a qualitative transformation of international relations, from a jungle to a zoo. Woodrow Wilson s vision about transforming international relations from a jungle of chaotic power politics to a zoo of regulated and peaceful intercourse. He argued that the First World War had resulted from the old politics of militarism and

Institutional Liberalism (Jackson and Sorensen)

 In his view, the best antidote to war was the construction of a world of democratic nation-states that were prepared to cooperate in areas of common interest and had no incentive to embark upon conquest or plunder. The international institutions create a framework for cooperation within which security competition can be mitigated. The institutionalized cooperation between the states strengthens the international peace

Institutional Liberalism (Jackson and Sorensen)

Liberal Institutionalism
Liberal institutionalism is less normative than Idealism. Due to the trauma of World War II, ambitious assumptions about building a peaceful order became illogical. Despite less ambitious, the need to have an international body with responsibility over peace and security was maintained. The United Nations were created, but this time with the sense that the most powerful states would be essential to its survival, thus the need of power arrangement within the Security Council. In the 1940s, liberal institutionalists turned to international institutions to carry out a number of functions the state could not perform.

 It focused on new actors (transnational corporations, nongovernmental organizations) and new patterns of interaction (interdependence, integration) David Mitrany ( Working Peace System ), a pioneer integration theorist, argued that transnational cooperation was required in order to resolve common problems. His core concept was ramification, meaning the likelihood that cooperation in one sector would lead governments to extend the range of collaboration across other sectors functionalism (function follows structure) an integration process. Liberal institutionalists defended the idea that the state is not able to cope with modernatization and, as Mitrany asserted, transnational co-operation was was required in order to solve common problems. He also defended ramification, the likelihood that co-operation in one sector would lead to other

Liberal Institutionalism

Liberal Institutionalism
After entering into such a process, states will have high costs in withdrawing from it. For Ernst B. Haas ( Beyond the NationState), international and regional institutions were a necessary counterpart to sovereign states whose capacity to deliver welfare goals was decreasing neo-functionalism (structure follows functions) spill over For Haas, international and regional institutions were a necessity to sovereign states whose capacity to deliver welfare goals

Institutionalism Ernst B. Haas (NeoFunctionalism)

Interdependence Liberalism (Jackson and Sorensen)

Interdependence Liberalism: The process of modernization increases the level of interdependence between states. Richard Rosecrance has analyzed the effects of these developments on the policies of states. The most economically successful countries of the postwar period are the trading states such as Japan and Germany. David Mitrany set forth a functionalist theory of integration, arguing that greater interdependence in the form of transnational ties between countries could lead to peace. Ernst Haas developed a socalled neo-functionalist theory of international integration that was inspired by the intensifying cooperation between the countries of Western Europe that began in 1950s. An ambitious attempt to set forth a general theory of what they called complex interdependence was made in the late 1970s in a book by Robert O. Keohane dan Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Power and Interdependence (1977). They argue that postwar complex

Sociological Liberalism (Jackson and Sorensen)

Sociological Liberalism: International Relations is not only about state-state relations, but also about transnational relations, i.e. relations between people, groups, and organizations belonging to different countries pluralism. Karl W. Deutsch was a leading in the study of transnational relations during the 1950s. He and his associates attempted to measure the extent of communication and transactions between societies. Deutsch argues that a high degree of transnational ties between societies leads to peaceful relations that amount to more than the mere absence of war security community. In a book called World Society (1972) John Burton proposes a cobweb model of transnational relationships. The purpose is to demonstrate how any nation state consists of many different groups of people which have different types of external tie and different type of interest: religious groups, business groups, labor groups, etc. James N. Rosenau argues that individual transaction have important implications and consequences for global affairs.

 Distinct idea of international anarchy: questions the utility of use of power in international politics/transnational actions and organizations Politics of economic interdependence: Power-based analysis of the politics of interdependence, drawing on bargaining theory The complex interdependence thesis and the process that it encompasses

The Liberal Conceptualization of the International System

 Process/structure relation in liberal analysis international system is conceptualized in terms of structure (pattern of distribution of power) and process (pattern of interaction of units) Formation of states preferences Structure of the system: provides opportunities and constraints (intensity of international interdependence/degree of institutionalization of international rules) Non-structural factors: non-structural incentives (technological advances/issue density) and opportunities for communication and cooperation

The Conceptualization of States Preference Formation

 Neoliberalism developed in response to the dilemma of how to explain patterns of cooperation in an anarchic world. In order for states to cooperate, they must overcome a range of collective-action problems No external enforcement mechanism exists in the international system, therefore any agreements must be selfenforcing. This means states must

Neoliberalism: Points of Departure

Rationality
The neoliberal perspective relies on an assumption of rationality States calculate the costs and benefits of different courses of action and choose the one which gives them the highest payoff Note that the assumption of rationality does not tell us anything about the content of actors

The Emergence of Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism evolved from transnationalism but adopted key assumptions from structural realism. It bought into key structural realist ideas: 1. that states were dominant actors 2. that domestic politics did not

 In the 1990s, neoliberal theory became deeper and richer. The question of state compliance to international rules and regimes was subjected to greater empirical scrutiny. So was the relationship between the purpose and form of the IO (international organization).

Areas of Interest for Neoliberalism

Neo-Liberal Analysis
Focus on a world political system -- states, transnational institutions and international regime International regimes have a significant impact on world politics What are the major features of world politics when interdependence is extensive? Is Interdependence a new phenomena? Sensitivity vs. Vulnerability

Utopians vs. Neo-Liberalism

Peace established through transnational institutions and laws Institutions and laws are grounded on morality Once properly established, global society can realize a Cooperation made possible by international regimes Institutions and Laws are established through State interest (hegemonic interest) Once established states can seek absolute gains rather than relative gains

Neo-Liberalism Internationalism
The research agenda of neo-liberal internationalism is dominated by the debate about liberal states: How far the liberal zone of peace extends; Why relations within it are peaceful; and What pattern is likely to evolve in relations between liberal states and authoritarian regimes? Since the end of the Cold War that the idea of a democratic peace thesis has been developed. Kant defended a federation of liberal republics to guarantee perpetual peace, while neo-liberal internationalists assert that liberal states do not use war to resolve problems between them: Doyle defines it as the separate peace. Michael Doyle, democratic peace the liberal states do not go to war with other liberal states

Republican Liberalism (Jackson and Sorensen)

Republican Liberalism: This observation was first articulated by Immanuel Kant in the late 18th century in reference to republican states rather than democracies. Democratic peace thesis (Michael Doyle and Bruce Russett): democracies tend not to fight each other, because of the democratic representation, their ideological commitment to human rights; the transnational interdependence as a factor; and shared democracy contributes to reduce the security dilemma. Moreover, for Michael Doyle there are three elements behind the claim that democracy leads to peace with other democracies (democratic peace): democratic norms of peaceful resolution of conflict; peaceful relations among democratic states, based on a common moral foundation; and

Prominent of Neo-Liberal Internationalism

Michael Doyle (Democratic Peace)

Francis Fukuyama (The End of History)

Democratic Peace
All classical liberal theories of IR rest on the assumption that domestic actors or structures strongly influence the foreign policy identities and interests of states
Liberal theories focus on the second image explanations that are located at the level of the state Perhaps the most famous second image argument put forward by classical liberals is the idea of the democratic peace (DP). Origins of democratic peace: Resisting the view that war is caused by defective human nature or the absence of a central authority, Immanuel Kant in the

Neo-Liberalism Internationalism
In his book, The End of History and the Last Man (1992), Francis Fukuyama celebrates the globalization of liberal capitalism. Just as liberalism has achieved progress in domestic society, it has transformed relations between liberal states in international society. Fukuyama believes that liberal states have established a pacific union within which war has become unthinkable. Fukuyama defended the triumph of liberalism after the end of the Cold War, naming it The End of History and defending the exportantion of liberal values. These author defend that expansionism of liberalism against authoritanism will provide peace and stability to the international order. The limits of liberal expansionism offer serious problems, namely concerning principles such as sovereignty and nonintervention.

Neo-Idealism
Neo-Idealism calling for a double democratization of both international institutions and domestic state structure. Also believe in democracy and that interdependence brings peace. They do not believe that peace and justice are natural, but built. Peace and justice are not natural condition, but the product of design. To built a liberal peaceful order include encourage or coerce nonliberal states to become liberal.

International institutions, essential to build such an order, also need to be democratic as well as domestic state - double democratization.
Global social movements must be brought into the decision-making process.
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Neo-Idealism
Richard Falk World Order Models Project (WOMP) and global civil society international humanitarian law active supporter of human-rights group like Amnesty International and Human Right Watch.

Falk recognizes that globalization and community are frequently at odds with each other, and calls for globalization from below.
David Held and Danielle Archibuggi believe that global politics must be democratized 1. The creation of regional parliaments and the extension of the authority of such regional bodies. 2. Human-rights conventions must be entrenched in national parliaments and monitored by a new International Court of Human Rights. 3. Reform of the UN, or replacement of it, with a genuinely democratic and accountable global parliament.

Prominent of Neo-Idealism

Richard A. Falk (World Order Model Projects)

David Held Danielle Archibugi (Cosmopolitan Model of Democracy)

Neo-Liberal Institutionalism (Pluralism)

Shift towards a more state-centric vision of the international relations, viewing the state as a legitimate representation of society. Non-actor states are subordinate to states. The international system has having an anarchical structure, but international co-operation can be achieved. Integration at global and regional level is the privileged process. Absolute gains are more importante than relative gains: a state will enter into co-operative relations even if another state gains more inside that relation, contrary to the neorealist vision. Neo-liberal institutionalism is close to neo-realism. 72

Tenets of Neo-Liberal Institutionalism (Pluralism)

1. Agree with Realism that the system is anarchic. 2. Agree with Realism that states are rational-unitary actors. 3. Cooperation is nonetheless possible through international regimes and institutions. 4. Rational to focus on long-term benefits instead of short-term goals (collective

Neo-Liberal Institutionalism (Pluralism)

(Nice Guys of IR: Keohane, Nye, Caporaso, Ruggie, Krasner)

1. Neo-Realism is wrong to focus on security and conflict. 2. Other types of interaction are vital to understand the international system (e.g., economic) --Leads to mutual interdependence. 3. Add economics to achieve an analytical clean-up of neo-realism. 4. Account for economic interests, not just

Neo-Liberal Institutionalism (Pluralism)

At the center of their research programme is how to initiate and maintain cooperation under condition of anarchy. Neo-liberal institutionalist see institution as a mediator and instrument to achieve cooperation in international system. Regimes and institutions help to arrange competitive international anarchy. Moreover, multilateralism and cooperation could be instrument to protect national interest. Neo-liberal institutionalism roots from the evolution of functional integration theory (1950-1960s), theory of complex interdependence and the development of

Neo-Liberal Institutionalism (Pluralism)

Afterwards, US scholars also called pluralists would reject the idea that the state is the sole actor important agent in international relations. Keohane and Nye defended the centrality of other actors: interest groups, transnational companies, NGOs. Pluralists tried to characterize international relations through the existence of multiple channels linked to several actors. The biggest contribution of pluralism was the notion of Interdependence. This concept characterized a complex system of interactions - brought by development of capitalism and mass culture in which actions in one of its parts had more and more consequences to the other part, a fact that fatally undermined state autonomy.
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Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence (1977) The liberal conceptualization of the international system The complex interdependence thesis The conceptualization of states preference formation Comparison with the realist and neorealist International Relations theories

Robert Keohane & Joseph S, Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence

Prominent of Neo-Liberal Institutionalism (Pluralism)

Robert O. Keohane

Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

Interdependence
Transnational institutions help facilitate cooperation by reducing uncertainty Establish conditions of trust Creates symmetric access to information Reduces transaction costs of legitimate actions Constrain State Actions Governments often comply with rules that conflict with their immediate self-interests in order to preserve their participation in beneficial regimes Facilitate Cooperation Establish conditions of trust Creates symmetric access to information Reduces transaction costs of legitimate actions

The Complex Interdependence Thesis

Societies not only connect through interstate but transgovernmental and transnational channels, hence states are not the sole actors in international politics and the state is not an unitary actor There is no hierarchy of issues in the interstate relations, hence the state foreign policy is not predominated by the security issue States overcome the security dilemma

Transnational Society (of Actors)

Government

Government

Government

Transnational Society
A B C

Society

Society

Society

National Actor

Transnational Politics

Government

Government

Government

Society

Society

Society

International Regime
A regime is implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision making procedures around which actors expectations converge in a given area of international relations. (Stephen D. Krasner, 1983) A regime is a set of expectations, rules and regulations, plans, organizational energies and financial commitments, which have been accepted by a group of states (John Gerard Ruggie, 1975). Regimes as Social Institutions. They consist of implicit or explicit: 1. Principles 2. Norms 3. Rules and decision-making procedures. Examples--GATT and OPEC Regimes as Intermediate Factors:

Three Strands of Liberal Theory

Variant of Liberalism Liberal Institutionalism Departure from Realism Level of Analysis System. Retains Anarchy does not basic assumption of necessarily lead to balance of power conflict. Cooperation is theory. possible. Complex Sub-state, but not States are not the only Interdependence exclusively. Focuses important actors. Actors Theory on individuals, firms, have diverse interests in NGOs, organizations international politics. within governments Much of IR has little to as key actors. do with military security. Democratic State. Focuses on States are not all Peace Theory what kind of essentially the same. government the state Liberal (democratic) has. states can solve disputes

Conclusion
The variety of liberal theories on offer today are an indication of the healthy state of second image approaches This suggests that the examination of the nature of states and domestic politics, and their interaction with international processes, is set to remain central in IR theorising and research At its core, the neoliberal study of IOs identifies the problems they seek to address These problems involve overcoming obstacles to bargaining, monitoring compliance with commitments, and enforcing agreements

Conclusion
In the course of this analysis of institutions, neoliberal theory engages with important theoretical debates about institutional design, the relationship between power and rules, and the relative autonomy of institutions (as agents) from the leading member-states (or principals) Conflict: Natural condition of world political system where states are among the key units Resolution: Interdependence helps facilitate cooperation among states Justice: The pursuit of self-interest within an interdependent world creates the possibility of absolute gains