TOPIC: DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUEASK,PSK,FSK,QPSK AND OFDM

Presented by: Sima Medhi(4086) Smriti Rekha Goswami(4082) Jyotirmoy Deka(4081) Pankaj Changkakati(4079)

Introduction
Modulation is the process by which some characteristics of carrier signal varies in accordance with a modulating signal. In digital communication, the modulating signal consist of binary data. This data is used to modulate a carrier wave with fixed frequency. There are 3 basic modulation technique: > ASK,FSK,PSK

ASK
Amplitude shift keying is the simplest form of digital modulation technique. In ASK the amplitude of the carrier is switched depending on the input digital signal keeping phase and frequency constant. Only one energy carrier there and it is switched ON and OFF for a specific duration depending upon the input binary sequence. Hence it is also known as ON-OFF Keying (OOK). ASK demonstrates poor performance, as it is heavily affected by noise.

The binary ASK signal s(t) is given by: s(t)= = 0 for symbol 1 for symbol 0

Fig. Amplitude Shift keying waveforms. (a) Unmodulated carrier. (b) Unipolar bit sequence. (c) ASK Waveform.

GENERATION AND DETECTION OF ASK SIGNAL:

Fig. Generation of binary ASK.

Fig. Coherent detection of binary ASK signals.

FSK
In FSK two sinusoidal carrier waves of the same amplitude but different frequencies are used to represent binary symbols 1 and 0 of the message respectively. The binary FSK wave S(t) may be represented as S(t)= = for symbol 1 for symbol 0

Noise immunity is higher than ASK. Bandwidth requirement is higher than ASK.

Baseband Data

1
BFSK modulated signal
fc1

fc2 Fig. FSK waveforms

fc2

fc1

Fig. Block diagrams for (a) binary FSK transmitter (b) Coherent binary FSK receiver

PSK
In PSK the binary symbols 1 & 0 of the message modulate the phase of the carrier with a phase difference of 180 degree keeping amplitude and frequency constant .

PSK signal S(t) is given by

S(t)= = for symbol 1 for symbol 0

It has the best noise performance among these three digital modulation technique.

Fig. Phase-shift keying waveforms. (a) Unmodulated carrier

(b) Phase shift keying waveform.

Fig. Generation of binary PSK

Fig. Detection of PSK

Three constellation diagrams

c. FSK

QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) can be interpreted as two independent BPSK systems , one on the I-channel and one on Q-channel

Also a type of linear modulation scheme

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) has twice the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK, since 2 bits are transmitted in a single modulation symbol. The phase of the carrier takes on 1 of 4 equally spaced values, such as each value of phase corresponds to a unique pair of message bits. The QPSK signal for this set of symbol states may be defined as: QPSK signal s(t) is given by: s(t)= = = = dibit 10 dibit 00 dibit 01 dibit 11
/4,3/4,5/4,7/4 where

QPSK

Fig. Signal Space/ constellation diagram for QPSK

OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulation scheme First break the data into small portions Then use a number of parallel orthogonal sub-carriers to transmit the data Multiple sub-channels (sub-carriers) carry samples sent at a lower rate OFDM will provide much higher bandwidth efficiency.

OFDM is one of the main techniques proposed to be employed in Wireless Systems

OFDM Transmitter
X0 x0 Parallel to Serial and add CP

Input Symbols

Serial to Parallel XN-1

IFFT

Add CP

xN-1

RF Section

DAC

14

OFDM Receiver

x0 ADC and Remove CP Serial to Parallel xN-1

X0
FFT Parallel to Serial and Decoder Output Symbols

XN-1

15

OFDM TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTIION

OFDM
OFDM is a special case of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) For FDM No special relationship between the carrier frequencies Guard bands have to be inserted to avoid Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) For OFDM

Bandwidth efficient . This is due to the fact that in OFDM the spectra of individual subcarriers are allowed to overlap. In fact, the carriers are carefully chosen to be orthogonal one another. As it is well known, the orthogonal signals do not interfere, and they can be separated at the receiver by correlation techniques.

MULTI PATH EFECT AND FADING :

An OFDM signal offers an advantage in channel having frequency selective fading response. Only very few subcarriers are affected all the others are perfectly ok that can be recovered.

DELAYED SPREAD AND CYCLIC PREFIX TO MITIGATE IT IN OFDM

In composite, the splash of the first symbol become noise and affect at the beginning of the next symbol.

To mitigate this noise at the front of the symbol, the symbol is moved further to catch the delay spread.

Cyclic prefix is done by circular convolution. Orthogonality is lost when multipath channel is involved. Cyclic prefix can restore the orthogonality.

CONCLUSION
Amongst the above described modulation techniques OFDM is the most efficient technique . OFDM is now used in 4G wireless technology and still research is going on to make it more efficient.