BY -: JEET BASA (11BCL0039) PUSHPESH RANJAN (11BCL0011) SHUBHAM GUPTA (11BCL0050) ASHUTOSH SHRIVASTAVA (11BCL0051) YATHARTH PATEL (11BCL0002)

A structure built using Reinforced Earth is a strong and durable coherent gravity mass that can be engineered to support large loads as well as resist lateral earth pressures. Reinforced Earth is based on a very simple concept. Here, the sand and pine needles in combination provide a natural and elementary model. Based on this simple idea, a recognised process has been developed which continues to be used worldwide. Reinforcement in the form of steel or synthetic strips are placed within an embankment, linking granular material together by means of friction. The embankment, thus reinforced, becomes a selfsupporting structure.

The use of Reinforced Earth offers many advantages over alternative methods; Lower construction costs. Speed of construction. Strength and stability. Reinforced Earth structures exert no concentrated stresses on the foundation soil, have high safety factors for external stability and are inherently flexible so they can tolerate significant differential settlements without compromising performance. Ease of construction. No specialised plant is required with construction of the Reinforced Earth mass taking place from the backfill side, creating significant benefits on sites with space restrictions. Reinforced Earth remains the preferred choice for many contractors and consultants due to its economic benefits, safety and reliability. The basic criteria are the speed and simplicity of construction combined with the low cost of materials.

 Highway and railway structures Industrial walls Marine structures - Seawalls, breakwaters, highway support structures adjacent to marine environments, and structures crossing river banks. Bridge abutments An abutment is an engineering term that describes a structure located at the ends of a bridge, where the bridge slab adjoins the approaching roadway. This structure is basically a retaining wall designed to carry the loading conditions present in bridge structures.

 BS 8006 Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and Other Fills, BRITISH CODE of PRACTICE FHWA Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes: Design and Construction Guidelines , FHWA NHI-0043(2001) Segmental Retaining Walls , National Concrete Masonry Association , Herndon Virginia , USA(2009) Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Earth Walls , Buried Structures ,Slopes and Embankments , NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Project, Transportation Research Board , Washington , DC USA (2008)

 SOIL FOR REINFORCED EARTH Development of sufficient friction between earth and reinforcement. No interstitial pore water pressure develops within the reinforced earth structures The placing and compaction of the earth fill layers can be accomplished easily The soil must conform to certain electro-chemical conditions to avoid corrosion REINFORCEMENT FOR REINFORCED EARTH Reinforced members are composed of thin wide strips also called ties. Should be flexible to ease placement. Should have adequate tensile strengths. Should have adequate service life taking in to account corrosion and weathering. FACING ELEMENTS Should retain the back fill between the layers of reinforcements. Made of either metal units or pre-cast concrete panels. Should be able to deform without distortion.