Dental Amalgam

Pustaka : Anusavice : Phillps Science of Dental materials Combe E.C. : Notes on Dental Materials

Endanus Harijanto

Definitions (1)
Amalgam = an alloy of mercury and one or more other metals Dental amalgam is produced by mixing liquid mercury with solid particles of an alloy of silver, tin, copper, and sometimes zinc, palladium, indium and selenium.

Definitions (2)
Trituration
Amalgam alloy is mixed with mercury.

Amalgamation Process
Mercury dissolves the surface of alloy particles a composite plastic mass (some new phases form). Setting and hardening occur as the liquid mercury is consumed in the formation of new solid phases.

Bahan / Isi Amalgam

Bahan Dasar
Silver Tin Copper Mercury

Bahan lain
Zinc Indium Palladium

Endanus Harijanto

Bahan Dasar (1)

Silver (Ag)
increases strength increases expansion

Tin (Sn)
decreases expansion decreased strength increases setting time

Bahan Dasar (2)

Copper (Cu)
ties up tin
reducing gamma-2 formation

increases strength reduces tarnish and corrosion reduces creep

Bahan Dasar (3)

Mercury (Hg)
activates reaction only pure metal that is liquid at room temperature

Bahan Dasar (4)

Cairan logam merkuri berwarna putih keperak-perakan Bentuk logam valensi 0 Formula umum senyawa valensi 2 HgX2 Senyawa merkuro Hg2X2

Bahan Dasar (5)

Merkuri berbahaya terhadap kesehatan ok: Senyawa merkuri dapat membentuk ikatan dengan ligan organik Ikatan kuat jika ligannya kelompok Metil (CH3) Ikatan tidak begitu stabil jika ligannya kelompok Etil (CH2CH3) Ikatan tidak stabil jika radikalnya berisi > 2 atom C mis: fenilmerkuri khlorida (C6H5-Hg-Cl)

Bahan Lain (6)

Zinc (Zn)
used in manufacturing

decreases oxidation of other elements

less marginal breakdown

provides better clinical performance

Osborne JW Am J Dent 1992

causes delayed expansion with low Cu alloys

if contaminated with moisture during condensation

Phillips RW JADA 1954

H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Bahan Lain
Indium (In)
decreases surface tension
reduces amount of mercury necessary reduces emitted mercury vapor

reduces creep and marginal breakdown increases strength must be used in admixed alloys

Bahan Lain
Palladium (Pd)
reduced corrosion greater luster

KOMPOSISI AMALGAM

Endanus Harijanto

Amalgam Alloy Composition

ANSI/ADA Spec. #1 (ISO 1559) requires that amalgam alloys be predominantly silver (Ag) and tin (Sn).
containing Zn > 0.01% Zinc Containing containing Zn < 0.01% nonzinc

Classification
Low-copper (Conventional) amalgam alloy
(at least 65 wt% Ag, 29 wt% Sn, < 6 wt% Cu) lathe-cut (irregular) powder or spherical particles or mixed Ag-Sn

High-copper amalgam alloy

(6-60 wt% Cu) (1) Admixed (Ag-Sn + Ag-Cu)
A mixture of irregular and spherical particles of different or same composition

(2) Unicomposition or Single composition (Ag-Sn-Cu)

All spherical particles

Classification
Admixed amalgams containing 10% to 15% indium (In) in the mercury
Newly developed Decreases the amount of Hg needed decreases the Hg vapor during and after setting Low creep and lower early-compressive strengths, but higher final strengths

Lathe-cut v.s. Spherical

Irregular or Lathe-cut

Spherical

Lathe-cut v.s. Spherical

spherical alloys require less mercury smaller surface area easier to wet 40 to 45% Hg admixed alloys require more mercury lathe-cut particles more difficult to wet 45 to 50% Hg