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1-1
Chapter 17
Nonparametric Methods:
Chi-Square Applications
GOALS
When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:
1
Karakteristik distribusi chi-square.
2
Melakukan uji hipotesis dengan membandingkan data frekuensi dengan
frekuensi harapan.
3
Melakukan uji hipotesis apakah dua kriteria klasifikasi saling terkait
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Characteristics of the Chi-Square Distribution
Ciri-ciri :
Derajat kemiringan posistif/positively skewed
Non-negatif
Berbasis degrees of freedom df
Ketika degrees of freedom berubah, distribusi
baru terbentuk.
13-2
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CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
df = 3
df = 5
df = 10
_
2
2-2
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Goodness-of-Fit Test: Equal Expected
Frequencies
Jika adalah data pengamatan dan
frekuensi harapan.
: tidak ada perbedaan
: ada perbedaan antara
Uji statistika:

Nilai kritis adalah nilai chi-square (x2), dengan
(k-1)=df degrees of freedom, dimana k adalah
jumlah kategori.
f and f
e 0

H
0
e
f f and
0
1
H
e
f f and
0
( )
x
f f
f
e
e
2
0
2
=

(
(
E
13-4
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EXAMPLE 1
Data berikut adalah absensi karyawan suatu
pabrik. Pada level signifikan 0,05, ujilah apakah
ada perbedaan dalam absensi dari hari ke hari
dalam seminggu.
Hari Frekuensi
Senin 120
Selasa 45
Rabu 60
Kamis 90
Jumat 130


13-5
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EXAMPLE 1 continued
Asumsikan frekuensi harapan adalah
sama: (120+45+60+90+130)/5=89.
Hitung uji statistik adalah .
Nilai degrees of freedom adalah (5-1)=4.
Maka, nilai kritis adalah 9,488 (dari tabel)
13-6
( )
x
f f
f
e
e
2
0
2
=

(
(
E
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Hari Frekuens
i (fo)
F
harapan
(fe)
Fo-fe (f0-fe)2 (fo-fe)2
fe
Senin 120 89
Selasa 45 89
Rabu 60 89 -
Kamis 90 89
Jumat 130 89
0 X


( )
x
f f
f
e
e
2
0
2
=

(
(
E
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EXAMPLE 1 continued
1. : tidak ada perbedaan antara data hasil
pengamatan dan frekuensi harapan dlm absensi.
: ada perbedaan antara hasil pengamatan
dengan frekuensi harapan dlm absensi.
2. Tingkat signifikan =0,05
3. Pilih Uji statistika: chi-square
4. Decision Rule: tolak jika uji statistika lebih
besar dibanding critical value. Hitung nilai dalam
tabel chi-square df=4 , sig.=0.05
5. Hitung chi-square=60,8
6. Conclusion: tolak dan disimpulkan bahwa
terdapat perbedaan antara data hasil pengamatan
dan frekuensi harapan dalam absensi .
H
0
H
1
H
0
H
0
13-7
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Karakteristik chi-square
Nilai tidak pernah negatif
Terdapat sebuah keluarga distribusi
Tidak tergantung ukuran
sampeljumlah kategori
Distribusi chi-square kemiringannya positif
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Goodness-of-Fit Test for Normality
Uji ketepatan Perkiraaan: frekuensi harapan tdk setara
Kartu Baseball : fe = 20, dalam kasus berikut uji
chi-square dipakai untuk fe tidak setara
Kegunaan: untuk menguji apakah frekuensi data
yang diamati dalam distribusi frekuensi sesuai
dengan teori distribusi normal .
Contoh:


13-11
Juml.
Rawat (1th)
% AHAA dr
total
Juml. Warga
Bartow (f0)
Juml. Warga yg
diharapkan (fe)
0 40 55 60
1 30 50 45
2 20 32 30
3 10 13 15
100 150 150
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Steps
1. Ho= tidak ada perbedaan kondisi lokal dan nasional
utk jumlah perawatan di RS
2. H1= ada perbedaan kondisi lokal dan nasional utk
jumlah perawatan di RS
3. Level sign. 0,05
4. Uji statistika chi-square
5. Decision Rule: tolak Ho jika uji statistika lebih
besar (>)dibanding critical value. Hitung nilai dalam
tabel chi-square df=3, sig.=0.05 7,815
6. Hitung chi-square (x2)=1,3723
7. Conclusion: terima ho dan disimpulkan bahwa
tidak terdapat perbedaan antara data hasil
pengamatan lokal dan nasional.



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Goodness-of-Fit Test: Unequal Expected
Frequencies
EXAMPLE 2
The U.S. Bureau of the Census indicated that
63.9% of the population is married, 7.7%
widowed, 6.9% divorced (and not re-married),
and 21.5% single (never been married). A
sample of 500 adults from the Philadelphia
area showed that 310 were married, 40
widowed, 30 divorced, and 120 single. At the
.05 significance level can we conclude that the
Philadelphia area is different from the U.S. as
a whole?
13-8
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EXAMPLE 2 continued
Status
Married 310 319.5 .2825
Widowed
40 38.5 .0584
Divorced
30 34.5 .5870
Single 120 107.5 1.4535
Total 500 2.3814
f
0
f
e
( ) / f f f
e e 0
2

13-9
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EXAMPLE 2 continued
Step 1: : The distribution has not changed.
: The distribution has changed.
Step 2: The significance level is .05.
Step 3: choose chi-square test
Step 4: is rejected if
Step 5:
Step 6: is accepted. The distribution has not
changed.
H
0
H
1
H
0
05 . , 3 , 815 . 7
2
= = > X o df
3824 . 2
2
= X
H
0
13-10
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Keterbatasan Chi-square
Jika hanya 2 cell, fe dalam tiap sel minimal 5
Jika lebih dari 2 cell, chi-square seharusnya tidak digunakan jika
lebih dari 20% cell fe memiliki frekuensi harapan kurang dari 5
tingkat Fo fe
Petugas 30 32
Supervisor 110 113
Manajer 86 87
Manajer mid 23 24
Ass. VP 5 2
VP 5 4
Senior VP 4 1
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tingkat Fo fe 0-e (0-e)2/e % of
chisq
Petugas 30 32 -2 0,125 0,89
Supervisor 110 113 -3 0,079 0,57
Manajer 86 87 -1 0,011 0,08
Manajer
mid
23 24 -1 0,041 0,30
Ass. VP 5 2 3 4,5 32,12
VP 5 4 1 0.25 1,78
Senior VP 4 1 3 9 64,25
263 263 14,008 100
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tingkat Fo fe 0-e (0-e)2/e % of
chisq
Petugas 30 32 -2 0,125
Supervisor 110 113 -3 0,079
Manajer 86 87 -1 0,011
Manajer
mid
23 24 -1 0,041
VP 14 7 7 7
263 263
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Analisis Tabel Kemungkinan
Bab 4. data bivariat
Bab. 5. tabel kemungkinan
Chi-square dapat dipakai utk uji dua
variabel skala nominal. (2 variabel bebas)
Pilihan
tinggal
penyes
uaian
Luar
biasa
baik cukup Tidak
puas
total
Kota
asal
27 35 33 25 120
Bukan
kota
asal
13 15 27 25 80
40 50 60 50 200
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Df= (jumlah baris -1)(jumlah kolom-1)
= (r-1)(c-1)
= (2-1)(4-1)=3
Sign. 0,01
Nilai kritis 11,345
Tolak ho jika x2 > 11,345

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Fe =(juml.baris)(juml. Kolom)/(juml.seluruh)
= ((120)(40))/(200)=24

Pilihan
tinggal
penyesu
aian
Luar
biasa
F0-fe
Baik

F0-fe
cukup

F0-fe
Tidak
puas
F0-fe
Total
F0 fe

Kota
asal
27 - 24 35 30 33 - 36 25 - 30 120-120
Bukan
kota
asal
13 16 15 20 27 24 25 20 80-80
40 40 50 - 50 60 60 50 - 50 200-200
( )
x
f f
f
e
e
2
0
2
=

(
(
E
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X2= ((27-24)2)/24 + ((35-30)2)/30 + dst
=5,729
terima ho
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Prosedur:
tentukan rata-rata dan standar deviasi dari
distribusi frekuensi. (f0-fe)2/fe
Hitung nilai-z untuk batas bawah kelas dan batas
atas kelas.
Tentukan untuk setiap kategori .
Gunakan chi-square goodness-of-fit test untuk
menentukan jika berkoinsiden dgn .

f
e
f
0
f
e
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EXAMPLE 3
A sample of 500 donations to the Arthritis
Foundation is reported in the following frequency
distribution. Is it reasonable to conclude that the
distribution is normally distributed with a mean of
$10 and a standard deviation of $2? Use the .05
significance level.
Note: To compute for the first class, first
compute the probability for this class.
P(x<6)=P[z<(6-10)/2]=.0228. Thus is
(.0228)(500)=11.4
f
e
f
e
13-12
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Example 3 continued
Amount f
o
Area f
e
( )
e
e o
f
f f
2

Less than $6 20 .02 11.40 6.49

$6 up to 8 60 .14 67.95 0.93
$8 up to 10 140 .34 170.65 5.50
$10 up to 12 120 .34 170.65 15.03
$12 up to 14 90 .14 67.95 7.16
More than $14 70 .02 11.40 301.22
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EXAMPLE 3 continued
Step 1: : The distribution is normal.
: The distribution is not normal.
Step 2: The significance level is .05.
Step 3: is rejected if
Step 4:
Step 5: is rejected . The distribution is
not normal
H
0
H
1
H
0
x df
2
1107 5 05 > = = . , , . o
x
2
33633 = .
H
0
13-14
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Contingency Table Analysis
Contingency table analysis dgunakan untuk
menguji apakah dua traits atau variables terkait.
Setiap observasi diklasifikasikan menyesuaikan
dua variabel. The usual hypothesis testing
procedure is used.
degrees of freedom /df sama dengan:
(jumlah baris-1)(jumlah-kolom-1).
Frekuensi harapan/expected frequency dihitung
sebagai berikut:
(row total)(column total)/grand total
13-15
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EXAMPLE 4
Is there a relationship between the
location of an accident and the gender of
the person involved in the accident? A
sample of 150 accidents reported to the
police were classified by type and
gender. At the .05 level of significance,
can we conclude that gender and the
location of the accident are related?
13-16
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EXAMPLE 4 continued
Sex Work Home Other Total
Male 60 20 10 90
Female 20 30 10 60
Total 80 50 20 150
Note: The expected frequency for the work-male
intersection is computed as (90)(80)/150=48.
Similarly, you can compute the expected frequencies
for the other cells.
13-17
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EXAMPLE 4 continued
Step 1: : Gender and location are not
related. : Gender and location are related.
Step 2: The significance level is.05.
Step 3: is rejected if
Step 4:
Step 5: is rejected. Gender and location are
related.
H
0
H
1
H
0
x df
2
5991 2 05 > = = . , , . o
x
2
16667 = .
H
0
13-18